Micropropagation of Clitoria ternatea L. (Papilionaceae) through callus regeneration and shoot tip multiplication

Methods for rapid multiplication of Clitoria tematea through callus regeneration and shoot tip cultures are described. Stem and leaf explants cultured on Gamborg's basal medium supplemented with 0.01-1 mg 1-1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid in combination with 0.01-2 mgl-1 kinetin or 1-3 mgl-1 benzyl adenine alone formed callus. These calli on transfer to Gamborg's medium supplemented with 1-2 mgl-1 benzyl adenine and 2-3 mgl-1 indole-3-acetic acid or 3-4 mg 1-1 indole-3-acetic acid alone developed shoot buds and the number of regenerated buds was maximum (8-10) with 2 mgl-1 benzyl adenine and indole-3-acetic acid containing medium. Callus retained the same morphogenic potential even after repeated subculturing .. Multiple shoots were induced from the shoot tips cultured on Gamborg's medium containing 3-5 mgl-1 benzyl adenine, 1mgl-1 benzyl adenine with 2 mgl-1 gibberellic acid. Shoots, developed from shoot tips, multiplied further by subculturing in the same medium or from callus, were rooted in Gamborg's medium containing 1-3 mgl-1 I-naphthalene acetic acid. The regenerated plants were transferred initially to vermiculite and later grown to maturity in the green house in garden soil and sand (1:3).   &nbsp

A 30 kpc Spatially Extended Clumpy and Asymmetric Galactic Outflow at z ∼\sim 1.7

We image the spatial extent of a cool galactic outflow with fine structure Fe II$^*$ emission and resonant Mg II emission in a gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxy at $z = 1.70347$. The Fe II$^*$ and Mg II (continuum-subtracted) emissions span out to radial distances of $\sim$14.33 kpc and 26.5 kpc, respectively, with maximum spatial extents of $\sim$21 kpc for Fe II$^*$ emission and $\sim$30 kpc for Mg II emission. Mg II residual emission is patchy and covers a total area of $\sim$184 kpc$^2$, constraining the minimum area covered by the outflowing gas to be $\sim$13% of the total area. Mg II emission is asymmetric and shows $\sim$21% more extended emission along the declination direction. We constrain the covering fractions of the Fe II$^*$ and Mg II emission as a function of radial distance and characterize them with a power law model. The Mg II 2803 emission line shows two kinematically distinct emission components, and may correspond to two distinct shells of outflowing gas with a velocity separation of $\Delta v \sim$ 400 km/s. By using multiple images with different magnifications of the galaxy in the image plane, we trace the Fe II$^*$, Mg II emissions around three individual star-forming regions. In all cases, both the Fe II$^*$ and Mg II emissions are more spatially extended compared to the star forming regions traced by the [O II] emission. These findings provide robust constraints on the spatial extent of the outflowing gas, and combined with outflow velocity and column density measurements will give stringent constraints on mass outflow rates of the galaxy.Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted to ApJ, the referee comments are incorporated in this versio

Dissecting a 30 kpc galactic outflow at z∼z \sim 1.7

We present the spatially resolved measurements of a cool galactic outflow in the gravitationally lensed galaxy RCS0327 at $z \approx 1.703$ using VLT/MUSE IFU observations. We probe the cool outflowing gas, traced by blueshifted Mg II and Fe II absorption lines, in 15 distinct regions of the same galaxy in its image-plane. Different physical regions, 5 to 7 kpc apart within the galaxy, drive the outflows at different velocities ($V_{out} \sim$ $-161$ to $-240$ km s$^{-1}$), and mass outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{out} \sim$ 183 to 527 $M_{\odot}\ yr^{-1}$). The outflow velocities from different regions of the same galaxy vary by 80 km s$^{-1}$, which is comparable to the variation seen in a large sample of star-burst galaxies in the local Universe. Using multiply lensed images of RCS0327, we probe the same star-forming region at different spatial scales (0.5 kpc$^2$-25 kpc$^2$), we find that outflow velocities vary between$ \sim $$-120$to$-242$km s$^{-1}$, and the mass outflow rates vary between$\sim$37 to 254$M_{\odot}\ yr^{-1}$. The outflow momentum flux in this galaxy is$\geq$100regions, and outflow energy flux is$\approx$ 10% of the total energy flux provided by star-formation. These estimates suggest that the outflow in RCS0327 is energy driven. This work shows the importance of small scale variations of outflow properties due to the variations of local stellar properties of the host galaxy in the context of galaxy evolution.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables, submitted to MNRA

Effect of Seed Priming with Organic-inputs on Seedling Germination, Seedling growth and Vigour of Fingermillet

A lab experiment was conducted at Department of Agronomy, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. The research study revealed that effect of seed priming treatments with Vermiwash, Cowurine, Panchagavya, Beejamrutha, Jeevamrutha on seed germination, seedling growth and vigour of fingermillet. The organic seed priming treatments had a substantial impact on the fingermillet seed quality. Seed priming with T4-cow urine 3% exhibited the highest germination percentage (91.67%),seedling length (9.27cm), root length(8.27cm), vigour index I (1011.23) and vigour index II (112.12) values. The shoot length(2.77cm), seedling fresh weight(4.01g), seedling dry weight(1.22g) and root to shoot ratio (1.44) were recorded highest in Cow urine 3% (T4)which was on par with Panchagavya3%(T5) (2.70cm,3.97g,1.21g,and1.42, respectively) and T3- Vermiwash3% (2.67cm,3.97g,1.19g,and1.40,respectively). This research helps to improve the quality of seedling with the help of organic bio-fertilizer treatments which are economical, non-toxic and ecofriendly

Accuracy of 3D Printed Model Acquired from Different Types of Intra Oral Scanners and 3D Printers

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to verify the influence of different types of intraoral scanners and 3D printers on the accuracy of printed models in comparison to plaster models obtained from conventional impressions. Material and MethodsA dental study model was used as the reference model and was molded with polyvinyl siloxane to produce the plaster models which were scanned by a reference scanner. Two types of intraoral scanners and digital files were printed by two types of 3D printers. To measure the accuracy (trueness and precision) amongst the groups, the datasets were superimposed via a best-fit alignment method utilizing a 3D analysis program (Geomagic Verify; 3D Systems). The trueness of the complete arch was evaluated by superimposing the STL file data of the reference model with STL file data obtained from other scanners. The precision of the complete arch was evaluated by superimposing the scan data within each group. The quantitative values were automatically calculated by the 3D analysis program based on the root mean square (RMS). ResultsIt was observed that all the tested combinations of the scanner and 3D printer showed variation from reference which was nonsignificant. However, Trios 4 intraoral scanner and Formlabs 3D printer was the combination that showed the best trueness and precision values. ConclusionsIt was concluded that the accuracy of printed and plaster models was impaired due to the trueness of the models. The type of printer influenced the accuracy of the printed models, while the type of scanner did not. The standardization of the method of obtaining printed models must be carried out to provide the production of quality models. However, there will be differences between the technologies

<i>In silico</i> approaches illustrate the evolutionary pattern and protein-small molecule interactions of quinolone synthase from <i>Aegle marmelos</i> Correa

<p>Quinolone synthase from <i>Aegle marmelos</i> (AmQNS) is a Rutacean-specific plant type III polyketide synthase that synthesizes quinolone, acridone, and benzalacetone with therapeutic potential. Simple architecture and broad substrate affinity of AmQNS make it as one of the target enzymes to produce novel structural scaffolds. Another unique feature of AmQNS despite its high similarity to acridone forming type III polyketide synthase from <i>Citrus microcarpa</i> is the variation in the product formation. Hence, to explore the characteristic features of AmQNS, an in-depth sequence and structure-based bioinformatics analyses were performed. Our studies indicated that AmQNS and its nearest homologs have evolved by a series of gene duplication events and strong purifying selection pressure constrains them in the evolutionary process. Additionally, some amino acid alterations were identified in the functionally important region(s), which can contribute to the functional divergence of the enzyme. Prediction of favorable amino acid substitutions will be advantageous in the metabolic engineering of AmQNS for the production of novel compounds. Furthermore, comparative modeling and docking studies were utilized to investigate the structural behavior and small molecule interaction pattern of AmQNS. The observations and results reported here are crucial for advancing our understanding of AmQNS’s phylogenetic position, selection pressure, evolvability, interaction pattern and thus providing the foundation for further studies on the structural and reaction mechanism.</p

Saliva: Newer avenues in the era of molecular biology, diagnostic and prognostic application

The salivary fluid has an old history of study, but its physiological importance has only been recognized recently. In the past 50 years, the pace of salivary research has accelerated with the advent of new techniques that illuminated the biochemical and physicochemical properties of saliva. The interest in saliva increased, further, with the finding that saliva is filled with hundreds of components that might serve to detect systemic diseases and/or act as an evidence of exposure to various harmful substances as well as provide biomarkers of health and disease. The role of saliva in the diagnosis as well as monitoring of glycemic control has, also, been attracting attention of clinical researchers in recent times although results have been conflicting. To conclude, saliva is a whole, diverse fluid that serves various purposes discussed in detail in the literature. The recent introduction of molecular biology opens up, once again, new vistas and a new search of the role of salivary fluid as a potential diagnostic tool which has an added advantage of being noninvasive. The present review presents such insight into the possible use of salivary fluid as a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool for the search of numerous diseases as well as for monitoring the treatment outcomes and assesses prognosis in such varied states of derangements of metabolic functions

Postsurgical Adjuvant Tumor Therapy by Combining Anti-Angiopoietin-2 and Metronomic Chemotherapy Limits Metastatic Growth

Antiangiogenic tumor therapy has failed in the adjuvant setting. Here we show that inhibition of the Tie2 ligand angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) effectively blocks metastatic growth in preclinical mouse models of postsurgical adjuvant therapy. Ang2 antibody treatment combines well with low-dose metronomic chemotherapy (LDMC) in settings in which maximum-dose chemotherapy does not prove effective. Mechanistically, Ang2 blockade could be linked to quenching the inflammatory and angiogenic response of endothelial cells (ECs) in the metastatic niche. Reduced EC adhesion molecule and chemokine expression inhibits the recruitment of tumor-promoting CCR2(+)Tie2(-) metastasis-associated macrophages. Moreover, LDMC contributes to therapeutic efficacy by inhibiting the recruitment of protumorigenic bone marrow-derived myeloid cells. Collectively, these data provide a rationale for mechanism-guided adjuvant tumor therapies

Pericyte-expressed Tie2 controls angiogenesis and vessel maturation

The Tie receptors with their Angiopoietin ligands act as regulators of angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Tie2 exerts its functions through its supposed endothelial-specific expression. Yet, Tie2 is also expressed at lower levels by pericytes and it has not been unravelled through which mechanisms pericyte Angiopoietin/Tie signalling affects angiogenesis. Here we show that human and murine pericytes express functional Tie2 receptor. Silencing of Tie2 in pericytes results in a pro-migratory phenotype. Pericyte Tie2 controls sprouting angiogenesis in in vitro sprouting and in vivo spheroid assays. Tie2 downstream signalling in pericytes involves Calpain, Akt and FOXO3A. Ng2-Cre-driven deletion of pericyte-expressed Tie2 in mice transiently delays postnatal retinal angiogenesis. Yet, Tie2 deletion in pericytes results in a pronounced pro-angiogenic effect leading to enhanced tumour growth. Together, the data expand and revise the current concepts on vascular Angiopoietin/Tie signalling and propose a bidirectional, reciprocal EC-pericyte model of Tie2 signalling