Obtaining Statistical Significance of Gravitational Wave Signals in Hierarchical Search

Gravitational Wave (GW) astronomy has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, driven by advancements in ground-based detectors. While detecting compact binary coalescences (CBCs) has become routine, searching for more complex ones, such as mergers involving eccentric and precessing binaries and sub-solar mass binaries, has presented persistent challenges. These challenges arise from using the standard matched filtering algorithm, whose computational cost increases with the dimensionality and size of the template bank. This urges the pressing need for faster search pipelines to efficiently identify GW signals, leading to the emergence of the hierarchical search strategy. This method looks for potential candidate events using a sparse template bank in the first stage, followed by dense templates around potential events in the second stage. Although the hierarchical search speeds up the standard PyCBC analysis by more than a factor of 20, as demonstrated in a previous work~\cite{kanchan_hierarchical}, assigning statistical significance to detected signals was done in a heuristic way. In this article, we present a robust approach for background estimation in a two-stage hierarchical search. Our method models background triggers from time-shifted triggers in a two-detector network, extrapolating to higher statistic values. Through an extensive injection campaign for a population of simulated signals on real data, we test the effectiveness of our background estimation approach. The results show our method achieves a sensitive volume-time product comparable to the standard two-detector PyCBC search. This equivalence holds for an inverse false alarm rate of 10 years and chirp mass $1.4-10~\text{M}_\odot$, substantially reducing computational cost with a remarkable speed-up of nearly 13 times compared to PyCBC analysis.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

VARIOUS ASPECT OF ETHICAL MEDICAL PRACTICE: A REVIEW BASED ON AYURVEDA SCIENCE

Patients always seek for the quality treatment from his/her doctor. The basic tool of good medical practice involves professional competence, healthy relationships with patients and conductance of good ethical practice. The regulatory agencies composed “Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct†which is updated time to time. The guideline for Ayurvedic practice protect right of doctors as well as patient. The guideline of Ayurveda practice included information regarding how to practice with in confined regimen of standard protocol, it is very essential for a medical practitioner to follow ethical behavior since medical practice directly dealt with the health of human being. There are many ethical issue related to the medical profession adapted universally. Ayurveda the traditional science of Indian medical system also prescribed ethical code for the medical practice but yet to be recognized; thus there is a need to look at the ethical conductance of ayurveda practice to maintain quality of Ayurveda profession.

Hierarchical search for compact binary coalescences in the Advanced LIGO's first two observing runs

Detection of many compact binary coalescences (CBCs) is one of the primary goals of the present and future ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. While increasing the detectors' sensitivities will be crucial in achieving this, efficient data analysis strategies can play a vital role. With given computational power in hand, efficient data analysis techniques can expand the size and dimensionality of the parameter space to search for a variety of GW sources. Matched filtering based analyses that depend on modeled signals to produce adequate signal-to-noise ratios for signal detection may miss them if the parameter space is too restrained. Specifically, the CBC search is currently limited to non-precessing binaries only, where the spins of the components are either aligned or anti-aligned to the orbital angular momentum. A hierarchical search for CBCs is thus well motivated. The first stage of this search is performed by matched filtering coarsely sampled data with a coarse template bank to look for candidate events. These candidates are then followed up for a finer search around the vicinity of an event's parameter space. Performing such a search leads to enormous savings in computational cost. Here we report the first successful implementation of the hierarchical search as a PyCBC-based production pipeline to perform a complete analysis of LIGO observing runs. With this, we analyze Advanced LIGO's first and second observing run data. We recover all the events detected by the PyCBC (flat) search in the first GW catalog, GWTC-1, published by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration, with nearly the same significance using a scaled background. In the analysis, we get an impressive factor of 20 speed-up in computation compared to the flat search. With a standard injection study, we show that the sensitivity of the hierarchical search remains comparable to the flat search within the error bars.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure

Arformoterol Tartrate: A Review of Pharmacology, Analysis and Clinical Studies

This article is a review of the therapeutic significance of arformoterol tartrate, a new generation 2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator available in a nebulized form. Arformoterol is well absorbed through the lungs when administered via a standard jet nebulizer and is useful in long-term maintenance therapy of bronchoconstriction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Much clinical evidence suggest the potentially enhanced efficacy of this drug in the treatment of COPD including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Various hyphenated analytical methodologies have also been employed for the determination and quantification of arformoterol. This review provides an updated account on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, analytical techniques, drug-drug interactions, contraindications, and therapeutic applications of arformoterol tartrate.Keywords: Arformoterol tartrate, Adrenergic agonist, Bronchodilator, COPDTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research December 2010; 9 (6): 595-60

Diversity of Exopolysaccharide Producing Fungi from Foot Hills of Shivalik Ranges of Chandigarh Capital Region

In this investigation, the diversity of exopolysaccharide producing fungi of foot hills of Shivalik ranges of Chandigarh capital region have been studied. The study resulted in isolation of a total of 94 fungal isolates of which 52 isolates belonging to 17 different genera viz., Agaricus, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Candida, Curvullaria, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Ganoderma, Penicillium, Pleurotus, Polyporous, Rhizopus,  Saccharomyces, Stemophylium, Termitomyces, and Tricholoma etc. were found to possess the EPS producing potential. These isolates have been categorized into five different groups on the basis of the EPS quantities they produced. These included Group I with production range of : > 1g/l ; Group II with production range of : 1-2 g/l ; Group III with production  range of : 2-3 g/l ; Group IV with production range of : 3-4 g/l and Group V with production range of : 4-5 g/l. Out of these 52 EPS producing isolates, 11 were found to be the prominent producers with Auerobasidium RYLF 10 as the most potential isolate with EPS concentration of 4.60g/l followed by the species of Penicillium RYLF 35, Aspergillus RYLF 17 and Ganoderma RYMF 15. No correlation between EPS concentration and the biomass yield could be traced

Comparison of intravenous lignocaine versus combination of lignocaine with diltiazem on attenuation of haemodynamic responses to tracheal extubation in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries under general anaesthesia: A randomized double blind interventi

Background: Tracheal intubation is frequently associated with cardiovascular stress response characterized by hypertension, tachycardia and increased serum concentration of catecholamines and similar phenomenon is also seen during extubation. During Endotracheal extubation increase in sympathoadrenergic activity is caused by epipharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal stimulation. Objective: The aim and objectives of this study are to compare the effect of combination of intravenous (i.v.) diltiazem 0.1 mg/kg and i.v lignocaine 1.0 mg/kg vs intravenous lignocaine alone to attenuate haemodynamic extubation responses and airway reflexes during extubation. Material and method: This study was undertaken with 72 patients belonging to the age group 20–60 years with physical status ASA Classes I and II of either sex. Group A received injection diltiazem 0.1 mg/kg and lignocaine 1 mg/kg. Group B received injection lignocaine 1 mg/kg with normal saline. In this study, the drug dosage was fixed based on the previous studies. Result: The baseline values of heart rate,systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were statistically comparable between the two groups. The heart rate, SBP, DBP, and MAP was significantly high in group A (lignocaine) as compared to group B (diltiazem with lignocaine) at extubation and  till 1 min, 3 min, 5 min,  and 10 min post extubation (pvalue<0.05). Conclusion: Combined diltiazem and lignocaine provides more effective prophylaxis than lignocaine alone for attenuating the cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubatio

Hierarchical search for compact binary coalescences in the Advanced LIGO's first two observing runs

Detection of many compact binary coalescences (CBCs) is one of the primary goals of the present and future ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. While increasing the detectors' sensitivities will be crucial in achieving this, efficient data analysis strategies can play a vital role. With given computational power in hand, efficient data analysis techniques can expand the size and dimensionality of the parameter space to search for a variety of GW sources. Matched filtering based analyses that depend on modeled signals to produce adequate signal-to-noise ratios for signal detection may miss them if the parameter space is too restrained. Specifically, the CBC search is currently limited to non-precessing binaries only, where the spins of the components are either aligned or anti-aligned to the orbital angular momentum. A hierarchical search for CBCs is thus well motivated. The first stage of this search is performed by matched filtering coarsely sampled data with a coarse template bank to look for candidate events. These candidates are then followed up for a finer search around the vicinity of an event's parameter space. Performing such a search leads to enormous savings in computational cost. Here we report the first successful implementation of the hierarchical search as a PyCBC-based production pipeline to perform a complete analysis of LIGO observing runs. With this, we analyze Advanced LIGO's first and second observing run data. We recover all the events detected by the PyCBC (flat) search in the first GW catalog, GWTC-1, published by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration, with nearly the same significance using a scaled background. In the analysis, we get an impressive factor of 20 speed-up in computation compared to the flat search. With a standard injection study, we show that the sensitivity of the hierarchical search remains comparable to the flat search within the error bars