109 research outputs found
Network Traffic Classification Based on External Attention by IP Packet Header
As the emerging services have increasingly strict requirements on quality of
service (QoS), such as millisecond network service latency ect., network
traffic classification technology is required to assist more advanced network
management and monitoring capabilities. So far as we know, the delays of
flow-granularity classification methods are difficult to meet the real-time
requirements for too long packet-waiting time, whereas the present
packet-granularity classification methods may have problems related to privacy
protection due to using excessive user payloads. To solve the above problems,
we proposed a network traffic classification method only by the IP packet
header, which satisfies the requirements of both user's privacy protection and
classification performances. We opted to remove the IP address from the header
information of the network layer and utilized the remaining 12-byte IP packet
header information as input for the model. Additionally, we examined the
variations in header value distributions among different categories of network
traffic samples. And, the external attention is also introduced to form the
online classification framework, which performs well for its low time
complexity and strong ability to enhance high-dimensional classification
features. The experiments on three open-source datasets show that our average
accuracy can reach upon 94.57%, and the classification time is shortened to
meet the real-time requirements (0.35ms for a single packet).Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure
Does Japanese encephalitis virus share the same cellular receptor with other mosquito-borne flaviviruses on the C6/36 mosquito cells?
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of mosquito-borne Flaviviridae. To date, the mechanisms of the early events of JEV infection remain poorly understood, and the cellular receptors are unidentified. There are evidences that the structure of the virus attachment proteins (VAP), envelope glycoprotein of mosquito-borne flaviviruses is very similar, and the vector-virus interaction of mosquito-borne flaviviruses is also very similar. Based on the studies previously demonstrated that the similar molecules present on the mosquito cells involved in the uptake process of JEV, West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DV), it is proposed that the same receptor molecules for mosquito-borne flaviviruses (JEV, WNV and DV) may present on the surface of C6/36 mosquito cells. By co-immunoprecipitation assay, we investigated a 74-KDa protein on the C6/36 cells binds JEV, and the mass spectrometry results indicated it may be heat shock cognate protein 70(HSC70) from Aedes aegypti. Based upon some other viruses use of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family proteins as cell receptors, its possible HSC70's involvement in the fusion of the JEV E protein with the C6/36 cells membrane, and known form of cation channels in the interaction of HSC70 with the lipid bilayer, it will further be proposed that HSC70 as a penetration receptor mediates JEV entry into C6/36 cells
TransMUSE: Transferable Traffic Prediction in MUlti-Service Edge Networks
The Covid-19 pandemic has forced the workforce to switch to working from
home, which has put significant burdens on the management of broadband networks
and called for intelligent service-by-service resource optimization at the
network edge. In this context, network traffic prediction is crucial for
operators to provide reliable connectivity across large geographic regions.
Although recent advances in neural network design have demonstrated potential
to effectively tackle forecasting, in this work we reveal based on real-world
measurements that network traffic across different regions differs widely. As a
result, models trained on historical traffic data observed in one region can
hardly serve in making accurate predictions in other areas. Training bespoke
models for different regions is tempting, but that approach bears significant
measurement overhead, is computationally expensive, and does not scale.
Therefore, in this paper we propose TransMUSE, a novel deep learning framework
that clusters similar services, groups edge-nodes into cohorts by traffic
feature similarity, and employs a Transformer-based Multi-service Traffic
Prediction Network (TMTPN), which can be directly transferred within a cohort
without any customization. We demonstrate that TransMUSE exhibits imperceptible
performance degradation in terms of mean absolute error (MAE) when forecasting
traffic, compared with settings where a model is trained for each individual
edge node. Moreover, our proposed TMTPN architecture outperforms the
state-of-the-art, achieving up to 43.21% lower MAE in the multi-service traffic
prediction task. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that
jointly employs model transfer and multi-service traffic prediction to reduce
measurement overhead, while providing fine-grained accurate demand forecasts
for edge services provisioning
Detection of a superconducting phase in a two-atom layer of hexagonal Ga film grown on semiconducting GaN(0001)
The recent observation of superconducting state at atomic scale has motivated
the pursuit of exotic condensed phases in two-dimensional (2D) systems. Here we
report on a superconducting phase in two-monolayer crystalline Ga films
epitaxially grown on wide band-gap semiconductor GaN(0001). This phase exhibits
a hexagonal structure and only 0.552 nm in thickness, nevertheless, brings
about a superconducting transition temperature Tc as high as 5.4 K, confirmed
by in situ scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and ex situ electrical
magneto-transport and magnetization measurements. The anisotropy of critical
magnetic field and Berezinski-Kosterlitz-Thouless-like transition are observed,
typical for the 2D superconductivity. Our results demonstrate a novel platform
for exploring atomic-scale 2D superconductor, with great potential for
understanding of the interface superconductivity
Suppressive Effects on the Immune Response and Protective Immunity to a JEV DNA Vaccine by Co-administration of a GM-CSF-Expressing Plasmid in Mice
As a potential cytokine adjuvant of DNA vaccines, granulocyte-macrophage colonyβstimulating factor (GM-CSF) has received considerable attention due to its essential role in the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells, differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells. However, in our recent study of a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) DNA vaccine, co-inoculation of a GM-CSF plasmid dramatically suppressed the specific IgG response and resulted in decreased protection against JEV challenge. It is known that GM-CSF has been used in clinic to treat neutropenia for repopulating myeloid cells, and as an adjuvant in vaccine studies; it has shown various effects on the immune response. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the suppressive effects on the immune response to a JEV DNA vaccine by the co-administration of the GM-CSF-expressing plasmid and clarified the underlying mechanisms of the suppression in mice. Our results demonstrated that co-immunization with GM-CSF caused a substantial dampening of the vaccine-induced antibody responses. The suppressive effect was dose- and timing-dependent and likely related to the immunogenicity of the antigen. The suppression was associated with the induction of immature dendritic cells and the expansion of regulatory T cells but not myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Collectively, our findings not only provide valuable information for the application of GM-CSF in clinic and using as a vaccine adjuvant but also offer further insight into the understanding of the complex roles of GM-CSF
An Integrated Approach for Finding Overlooked Genes in Shigella
Background: The completion of numerous genome sequences introduced an era of whole-genome study. However, many genes are missed during genome annotation, including small RNAs (sRNAs) and small open reading frames (sORFs). In order to improve genome annotation, we aimed to identify novel sRNAs and sORFs in Shigella, the principal etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery. Methodology/Principal Findings: We identified 64 sRNAs in Shigella, which were experimentally validated in other bacteria based on sequence conservation. We employed computer-based and tiling array-based methods to search for sRNAs, followed by RT-PCR and northern blots, to identify nine sRNAs in Shigella flexneri strain 301 (Sf301) and 256 regions containing possible sRNA genes. We found 29 candidate sORFs using bioinformatic prediction, array hybridization and RT-PCR verification. We experimentally validated 557 (57.9%) DOOR operon predictions in the chromosomes of Sf301 and 46 (76.7%) in virulence plasmid.We found 40 additional co-expressed gene pairs that were not predicted by DOOR. Conclusions/Significance: We provide an updated and comprehensive annotation of the Shigella genome. Our study increased the expected numbers of sORFs and sRNAs, which will impact on future functional genomics and proteomics studies. Our method can be used for large scale reannotation of sRNAs and sORFs in any microbe with a known genom
Vegetation and climate change in the Beijing plain during the last million years and implications for Homo erectus occupation in North China
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