Integration of climate measures into urban regeneration, using the case of Seoul

Urban regeneration plays a significant role in the creation of climate-friendly urban areas. Urban regeneration strategies such as (1) the creation of open spaces and green infrastructure, (2) the effective use of inner-city land, (3) changes in land-use structure and elements through regeneration of inner-city areas, and (4) changes in building stock through retrofitting existing buildings and the construction of green buildings can all help with climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Many cities throughout the world have enacted urban regeneration policies, plans, and programmes, highlighting the significance of implementing climate measures into urban regeneration policies and initiatives at the supranational, national, regional, and municipal levels. The government of the Republic of Korea has made urban regeneration a primary priority, investing a significant amount of public funds in the process. Korea's urban regeneration initiative has made tremendous progress, with projects in numerous cities around the country currently underway. However, Korea's urban regeneration rarely takes up the opportunities to incorporate climate measures into its policy and plans. As a result of these fragmented policy approaches, both urban regeneration and climate change policies may become inefficient in terms of inefficient budget execution and staff management. Although recent Korean studies have emphasised the significance of incorporating climate change measures into urban regeneration areas, these studies do not provide empirical evidence of specific institutional hurdles and only provide a limited amount of recommendations for successful climate policy integration in urban regeneration policies and plans. According to the literature on environmental policy integration and climate mainstreaming in worldwide academic discussion, there is a lack of empirical information on the factors that influence policy implementation phases. Identification of variables influencing the integration of climate change policies into urban regeneration—at both the policy development and implementation stages—is crucial to understanding effective climate policy integration in this policy domain. The goals of this dissertation are to (1) investigate the current urban regeneration process and how it incorporates climate measures, (2) identify the relevant internal and external factors that influence the integration of climate measures into urban regeneration policy during the policy development and implementation stages, and (3) identify implementation gaps in the integration of climate measures into urban regeneration projects during the policy development and implementation stages. This study develops a conceptual framework based on earlier studies that examine (1) the assessment of climate policy integration levels and (2) the factors that influence climate policy integration across policy domains. This dissertation takes a qualitative case study method, integrating content analysis, process tracing, and document analysis with data from semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholder representatives, as well as a collection of relevant documents. Seoul was chosen as the case study area because it is a densely populated city with active urban regeneration and climate change policies. The case study provides empirical evidence of relevant factors for the climate policy integration in urban regeneration for cities that are pursuing successful integration of climate measures into urban regeneration policy. Throughout the policy cycle, this study gives a detailed list of internal and external factors that influence the incorporation of climate measures into urban regeneration. Political factors, organisational factors, and resources are critical factors in both policy development and policy implementation, as previous studies have shown. However, in the policy development and policy implementation stages, this dissertation studies more detailed aspects within these categories and examines them closely by categorising them into internal and external factors. According to existing research in this field, implementation gaps are caused by a lack of sustained political support and cooperation among key stakeholders, rather than a lack of knowledge or financial resources. Other factors related to implementation gaps, such as (1) a lack/absence of information about climate measures, (2) residents' pecuniary focus, (3) public awareness and support, and (4) spatial issues such as lack of facilities/spaces for adopting climate measures, are all significant impacts in the case study of Seoul. This study suggests that sharing information and research about the effectiveness of climate measures is a good place to start when it comes to improving the level of climate policy integration in urban regeneration policies; urban regeneration stakeholders should have enough information on potential climate measure strategies that can be integrated into urban regeneration projects, as well as the benefits of doing so for the neighbourhood (e.g. climate-related businesses which support community cooperation and profit generation, community-based climate activities, and more diverse ways of measuring the success of climate measures in order to educate the public better).:1. Introduction 1.1. Research background 1.2. Research questions and design 1.3. Structure 2. Theoretical/conceptual background 2.1. Responses to climate change 2.2. Concept of urban regeneration 2.3. Background of environmental/climate policy integration and mainstreaming 2.4. International trends and academic discussions on the opportunities for climate policy integration in urban regeneration 2.5. Factors for the climate policy integration in urban regeneration in the policy cycle 2.5.1. Structure of the climate policy integration 2.5.2. Detailed factors of the climate policy integration 2.5.3. The level of climate policy integration in different stages of the policy cycle 2.6. Developing an analytical concept 2.7. Research gaps regarding factors affecting climate policy integration along the policy cycle 2.8. Formulating research questions 3. Research design and methods 3.1. Research design 3.2. Selection of study areas 3.3. Data collection and analysis methods 4. Exploring the context: Seoul and its neighbourhoods 4.1. Seoul 4.1.1. Features of Seoul and evolution of urban regeneration in Seoul 4.1.2. Climate change issues 4.1.3. Characteristics of residential areas in Seoul 4.2. Features of study areas in Seoul 4.2.1. Jangwi-dong 4.2.2. Sangdo 4-dong 4.2.3. Amsa-dong 4.2.4. Garibong-dong 5. Urban regeneration and climate change policies in Korea 5.1. Urban regeneration policy and plan at national, city, and community levels 5.1.1. Urban regeneration policy in Korea 5.1.2. Urban regeneration policy and plan in Seoul 5.1.3. Neighbourhood urban regeneration plans 5.1.4. Process and stakeholders of urban regeneration at national, city, and community levels 5.2. Climate change policy at different levels in Korea 5.2.1. Climate change policy at national level 5.2.2. Climate change policy at city level 5.2.3. Climate change plan at community level 5.3. Integration of climate measures in the process of urban regeneration 5.3.1. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration policy at national level 5.3.2. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration policy at city level 5.3.3. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration plan at community level 5.4. Summary 6. Policy development: Internal and external factors to integrate climate measures into urban regeneration policy 6.1. Internal factors 6.1.1. Political factors 6.1.2. Organisational factors 6.1.3. Resources 6.1.4. Cognitive factors 6.1.5. Characterisation of the problem at hand 6.2. External factors 6.2.1. Public awareness and support 6.2.2. Lack of private sector support 6.3. Relevant factors and gaps regarding factors in the conceptual framework 6.4. Discussion 7. Policy implementation: internal and external factors to integrate climate measures into urban regeneration projects 7.1. Internal factors 7.1.1. Political factors 7.1.2. Organisational factors 7.1.3. Resources 7.1.4. Cognitive factors 7.1.5. Characterisation of the problems/opportunities at hand 7.2. External factors 7.2.1. Residents’ support 7.2.2. Characterisation of the problem at hand 7.2.3. Lack of private sector support 7.2.4. Cognitive factors 7.3. Relevant factors and gaps regarding factors in the conceptual framework 7.4. Discussion and implementation gaps between policy development and policy implementation 8. Conclusions: recommendations to enhance the level of integration of climate measures into urban regeneration 8.1. Synthesis of the dissertation 8.2. Limitations of the research and further research 8.3. Implications for academic discussion and practices 8.4. Recommendations 8.5. Overall conclusion References Appendi

Integrating climate change and urban regeneration: success stories from Seoul

Urban regeneration offers extensive opportunities for tackling climate change. However, in the Republic of Korea, successful examples of such policy integration are rare. Whereas many studies have analysed inhibiting factors of policy integration, the perspective of this paper is different. It investigates enabling factors that promote policy integration in the cases of climate change and urban regeneration policies under non-supportive politico-administrative framework conditions. Two good practice examples from Seoul ('i.e.' the neighbourhoods of Jangwi-dong and Sangdo 4-dong) provide a basis for analysing: (1)   which topics facilitated integration; (2) which stakeholders promoted the integration of climate change and urban regeneration policies and how; and (3) whether and how long-term community effects could be generated. A mixed-methods approach is used: document analysis, content analysis, interviews ('n' = 50) and process-tracing methods. The results show the significance of local promoters and their politico-administrative skills to frame distinct subjects comprehensively which facilitates support from different programmes. Second, open and flexible regulatory frameworks as well as the readiness of higher level authorities to learn from local experiments are conducive to innovation. Third, the institutionalisation and mainstreaming of new topics, 'e.g.' climate change, is a precondition for creating lasting effects in urban regeneration areas. 'Practice relevance' The study is relevant for urban regeneration practice because it highlights the role and qualifications of promoters of policy integration, the level of readiness to allow and learn from local experiments in urban living laboratories, and the necessity to mainstream new topics such as climate change as soon as they are integrated to generate lasting effects

Long-term efficacy, safety and immunogenicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis continuing on an etanercept biosimilar (LBEC0101) or switching from reference etanercept to LBEC0101: an open-label extension of a phase III multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study

Background To evaluate the long-term efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of continuing LBEC0101; the etanercept (ETN) biosimilar; or switching from the ETN reference product (RP) to LBEC0101 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods This multicentre, single-arm, open-label extension study enrolled patients who had completed a 52-week randomised, double-blind, parallel phase III trial of LBEC0101 vs ETN-RP. Patients treated with ETN-RP during the randomised controlled trial switched to LBEC0101; those treated with LBEC0101 continued to receive LBEC0101 in this study. LBEC0101 (50 mg) was administered subcutaneously once per week for 48 weeks with a stable dose of methotrexate. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of LBEC0101 were assessed up to week 100. Results A total of 148 patients entered this extension study (70 in the maintenance group and 78 in the switch group). The 28-joint disease activity scores (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were maintained in both groups from week 52 to week 100 (from 3.068 to 3.103 in the maintenance group vs. from 3.161 to 3.079 in the switch group). ACR response rates at week 100 for the maintenance vs. switch groups were 79.7% vs. 83.3% for ACR20, 65.2% vs. 66.7% for ACR50 and 44.9% vs. 42.3% for ACR70. The incidence of adverse events and the proportion of patients with newly developed antidrug antibodies were similar in the maintenance and switch groups (70.0% and 70.5%, 1.4% and 1.3%, respectively). Conclusions Administration of LBEC0101 showed sustained efficacy and acceptable safety in patients with RA after continued therapy or after switching from ETN-RP to LBEC0101. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02715908. Registered 22 March 2016.This extension study was funded by LG Chem, Ltd. (formerly, LG Life Sciences, Ltd), Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Korea Health Industry Development Institute

Integration of climate measures into urban regeneration, using the case of Seoul

Urban regeneration plays a significant role in the creation of climate-friendly urban areas. Urban regeneration strategies such as (1) the creation of open spaces and green infrastructure, (2) the effective use of inner-city land, (3) changes in land-use structure and elements through regeneration of inner-city areas, and (4) changes in building stock through retrofitting existing buildings and the construction of green buildings can all help with climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Many cities throughout the world have enacted urban regeneration policies, plans, and programmes, highlighting the significance of implementing climate measures into urban regeneration policies and initiatives at the supranational, national, regional, and municipal levels. The government of the Republic of Korea has made urban regeneration a primary priority, investing a significant amount of public funds in the process. Korea's urban regeneration initiative has made tremendous progress, with projects in numerous cities around the country currently underway. However, Korea's urban regeneration rarely takes up the opportunities to incorporate climate measures into its policy and plans. As a result of these fragmented policy approaches, both urban regeneration and climate change policies may become inefficient in terms of inefficient budget execution and staff management. Although recent Korean studies have emphasised the significance of incorporating climate change measures into urban regeneration areas, these studies do not provide empirical evidence of specific institutional hurdles and only provide a limited amount of recommendations for successful climate policy integration in urban regeneration policies and plans. According to the literature on environmental policy integration and climate mainstreaming in worldwide academic discussion, there is a lack of empirical information on the factors that influence policy implementation phases. Identification of variables influencing the integration of climate change policies into urban regeneration—at both the policy development and implementation stages—is crucial to understanding effective climate policy integration in this policy domain. The goals of this dissertation are to (1) investigate the current urban regeneration process and how it incorporates climate measures, (2) identify the relevant internal and external factors that influence the integration of climate measures into urban regeneration policy during the policy development and implementation stages, and (3) identify implementation gaps in the integration of climate measures into urban regeneration projects during the policy development and implementation stages. This study develops a conceptual framework based on earlier studies that examine (1) the assessment of climate policy integration levels and (2) the factors that influence climate policy integration across policy domains. This dissertation takes a qualitative case study method, integrating content analysis, process tracing, and document analysis with data from semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholder representatives, as well as a collection of relevant documents. Seoul was chosen as the case study area because it is a densely populated city with active urban regeneration and climate change policies. The case study provides empirical evidence of relevant factors for the climate policy integration in urban regeneration for cities that are pursuing successful integration of climate measures into urban regeneration policy. Throughout the policy cycle, this study gives a detailed list of internal and external factors that influence the incorporation of climate measures into urban regeneration. Political factors, organisational factors, and resources are critical factors in both policy development and policy implementation, as previous studies have shown. However, in the policy development and policy implementation stages, this dissertation studies more detailed aspects within these categories and examines them closely by categorising them into internal and external factors. According to existing research in this field, implementation gaps are caused by a lack of sustained political support and cooperation among key stakeholders, rather than a lack of knowledge or financial resources. Other factors related to implementation gaps, such as (1) a lack/absence of information about climate measures, (2) residents' pecuniary focus, (3) public awareness and support, and (4) spatial issues such as lack of facilities/spaces for adopting climate measures, are all significant impacts in the case study of Seoul. This study suggests that sharing information and research about the effectiveness of climate measures is a good place to start when it comes to improving the level of climate policy integration in urban regeneration policies; urban regeneration stakeholders should have enough information on potential climate measure strategies that can be integrated into urban regeneration projects, as well as the benefits of doing so for the neighbourhood (e.g. climate-related businesses which support community cooperation and profit generation, community-based climate activities, and more diverse ways of measuring the success of climate measures in order to educate the public better).:1. Introduction 1.1. Research background 1.2. Research questions and design 1.3. Structure 2. Theoretical/conceptual background 2.1. Responses to climate change 2.2. Concept of urban regeneration 2.3. Background of environmental/climate policy integration and mainstreaming 2.4. International trends and academic discussions on the opportunities for climate policy integration in urban regeneration 2.5. Factors for the climate policy integration in urban regeneration in the policy cycle 2.5.1. Structure of the climate policy integration 2.5.2. Detailed factors of the climate policy integration 2.5.3. The level of climate policy integration in different stages of the policy cycle 2.6. Developing an analytical concept 2.7. Research gaps regarding factors affecting climate policy integration along the policy cycle 2.8. Formulating research questions 3. Research design and methods 3.1. Research design 3.2. Selection of study areas 3.3. Data collection and analysis methods 4. Exploring the context: Seoul and its neighbourhoods 4.1. Seoul 4.1.1. Features of Seoul and evolution of urban regeneration in Seoul 4.1.2. Climate change issues 4.1.3. Characteristics of residential areas in Seoul 4.2. Features of study areas in Seoul 4.2.1. Jangwi-dong 4.2.2. Sangdo 4-dong 4.2.3. Amsa-dong 4.2.4. Garibong-dong 5. Urban regeneration and climate change policies in Korea 5.1. Urban regeneration policy and plan at national, city, and community levels 5.1.1. Urban regeneration policy in Korea 5.1.2. Urban regeneration policy and plan in Seoul 5.1.3. Neighbourhood urban regeneration plans 5.1.4. Process and stakeholders of urban regeneration at national, city, and community levels 5.2. Climate change policy at different levels in Korea 5.2.1. Climate change policy at national level 5.2.2. Climate change policy at city level 5.2.3. Climate change plan at community level 5.3. Integration of climate measures in the process of urban regeneration 5.3.1. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration policy at national level 5.3.2. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration policy at city level 5.3.3. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration plan at community level 5.4. Summary 6. Policy development: Internal and external factors to integrate climate measures into urban regeneration policy 6.1. Internal factors 6.1.1. Political factors 6.1.2. Organisational factors 6.1.3. Resources 6.1.4. Cognitive factors 6.1.5. Characterisation of the problem at hand 6.2. External factors 6.2.1. Public awareness and support 6.2.2. Lack of private sector support 6.3. Relevant factors and gaps regarding factors in the conceptual framework 6.4. Discussion 7. Policy implementation: internal and external factors to integrate climate measures into urban regeneration projects 7.1. Internal factors 7.1.1. Political factors 7.1.2. Organisational factors 7.1.3. Resources 7.1.4. Cognitive factors 7.1.5. Characterisation of the problems/opportunities at hand 7.2. External factors 7.2.1. Residents’ support 7.2.2. Characterisation of the problem at hand 7.2.3. Lack of private sector support 7.2.4. Cognitive factors 7.3. Relevant factors and gaps regarding factors in the conceptual framework 7.4. Discussion and implementation gaps between policy development and policy implementation 8. Conclusions: recommendations to enhance the level of integration of climate measures into urban regeneration 8.1. Synthesis of the dissertation 8.2. Limitations of the research and further research 8.3. Implications for academic discussion and practices 8.4. Recommendations 8.5. Overall conclusion References Appendi

The Economic Impact Of The Preservation And Adaptive Reuse Of Rail Tracks, The High Line In New York City: Regional Impact Analysis And Property Value Change Analysis

Considered to be one of the most successful recent economic development projects in New York City, the transformation of a recent section of former New York Central Railroad elevated track to the now-famous High Line Park has been the envy of designers and preservationists in cities across the US. The High Line project has been looked to as a model for a large number of cities with significant tracts of disused industrial infrastructure from the heyday of American railroads. Philadelphia is just one example of a community that has been attempting to replicate the High Line's success. However, the significant capital investment required to adaptively reuse elevated railroad structures is challenging. A critical examination of the High Line's economic impact, this study attempts to balance the sticker shock of such capital investment with the ongoing development benefit. It considers the number of jobs created by the project, the increase in household income and property values within the neighborhoods adjacent to the line, and subsequent demands on other industries. The study employs two quantitative methods to arrive at its conclusions: (1) Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) software for measuring the exact the dollar amount of economic benefits from historic preservation; (2) Geographic Information System (GIS) to present the changes of property values by collecting the data of property values along the High Line. This thesis concludes that there has been a positive economic impact from the High Line Park development

Integration of climate measures into urban regeneration, using the case of Seoul

Urban regeneration plays a significant role in the creation of climate-friendly urban areas. Urban regeneration strategies such as (1) the creation of open spaces and green infrastructure, (2) the effective use of inner-city land, (3) changes in land-use structure and elements through regeneration of inner-city areas, and (4) changes in building stock through retrofitting existing buildings and the construction of green buildings can all help with climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Many cities throughout the world have enacted urban regeneration policies, plans, and programmes, highlighting the significance of implementing climate measures into urban regeneration policies and initiatives at the supranational, national, regional, and municipal levels. The government of the Republic of Korea has made urban regeneration a primary priority, investing a significant amount of public funds in the process. Korea's urban regeneration initiative has made tremendous progress, with projects in numerous cities around the country currently underway. However, Korea's urban regeneration rarely takes up the opportunities to incorporate climate measures into its policy and plans. As a result of these fragmented policy approaches, both urban regeneration and climate change policies may become inefficient in terms of inefficient budget execution and staff management. Although recent Korean studies have emphasised the significance of incorporating climate change measures into urban regeneration areas, these studies do not provide empirical evidence of specific institutional hurdles and only provide a limited amount of recommendations for successful climate policy integration in urban regeneration policies and plans. According to the literature on environmental policy integration and climate mainstreaming in worldwide academic discussion, there is a lack of empirical information on the factors that influence policy implementation phases. Identification of variables influencing the integration of climate change policies into urban regeneration—at both the policy development and implementation stages—is crucial to understanding effective climate policy integration in this policy domain. The goals of this dissertation are to (1) investigate the current urban regeneration process and how it incorporates climate measures, (2) identify the relevant internal and external factors that influence the integration of climate measures into urban regeneration policy during the policy development and implementation stages, and (3) identify implementation gaps in the integration of climate measures into urban regeneration projects during the policy development and implementation stages. This study develops a conceptual framework based on earlier studies that examine (1) the assessment of climate policy integration levels and (2) the factors that influence climate policy integration across policy domains. This dissertation takes a qualitative case study method, integrating content analysis, process tracing, and document analysis with data from semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholder representatives, as well as a collection of relevant documents. Seoul was chosen as the case study area because it is a densely populated city with active urban regeneration and climate change policies. The case study provides empirical evidence of relevant factors for the climate policy integration in urban regeneration for cities that are pursuing successful integration of climate measures into urban regeneration policy. Throughout the policy cycle, this study gives a detailed list of internal and external factors that influence the incorporation of climate measures into urban regeneration. Political factors, organisational factors, and resources are critical factors in both policy development and policy implementation, as previous studies have shown. However, in the policy development and policy implementation stages, this dissertation studies more detailed aspects within these categories and examines them closely by categorising them into internal and external factors. According to existing research in this field, implementation gaps are caused by a lack of sustained political support and cooperation among key stakeholders, rather than a lack of knowledge or financial resources. Other factors related to implementation gaps, such as (1) a lack/absence of information about climate measures, (2) residents' pecuniary focus, (3) public awareness and support, and (4) spatial issues such as lack of facilities/spaces for adopting climate measures, are all significant impacts in the case study of Seoul. This study suggests that sharing information and research about the effectiveness of climate measures is a good place to start when it comes to improving the level of climate policy integration in urban regeneration policies; urban regeneration stakeholders should have enough information on potential climate measure strategies that can be integrated into urban regeneration projects, as well as the benefits of doing so for the neighbourhood (e.g. climate-related businesses which support community cooperation and profit generation, community-based climate activities, and more diverse ways of measuring the success of climate measures in order to educate the public better).:1. Introduction 1.1. Research background 1.2. Research questions and design 1.3. Structure 2. Theoretical/conceptual background 2.1. Responses to climate change 2.2. Concept of urban regeneration 2.3. Background of environmental/climate policy integration and mainstreaming 2.4. International trends and academic discussions on the opportunities for climate policy integration in urban regeneration 2.5. Factors for the climate policy integration in urban regeneration in the policy cycle 2.5.1. Structure of the climate policy integration 2.5.2. Detailed factors of the climate policy integration 2.5.3. The level of climate policy integration in different stages of the policy cycle 2.6. Developing an analytical concept 2.7. Research gaps regarding factors affecting climate policy integration along the policy cycle 2.8. Formulating research questions 3. Research design and methods 3.1. Research design 3.2. Selection of study areas 3.3. Data collection and analysis methods 4. Exploring the context: Seoul and its neighbourhoods 4.1. Seoul 4.1.1. Features of Seoul and evolution of urban regeneration in Seoul 4.1.2. Climate change issues 4.1.3. Characteristics of residential areas in Seoul 4.2. Features of study areas in Seoul 4.2.1. Jangwi-dong 4.2.2. Sangdo 4-dong 4.2.3. Amsa-dong 4.2.4. Garibong-dong 5. Urban regeneration and climate change policies in Korea 5.1. Urban regeneration policy and plan at national, city, and community levels 5.1.1. Urban regeneration policy in Korea 5.1.2. Urban regeneration policy and plan in Seoul 5.1.3. Neighbourhood urban regeneration plans 5.1.4. Process and stakeholders of urban regeneration at national, city, and community levels 5.2. Climate change policy at different levels in Korea 5.2.1. Climate change policy at national level 5.2.2. Climate change policy at city level 5.2.3. Climate change plan at community level 5.3. Integration of climate measures in the process of urban regeneration 5.3.1. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration policy at national level 5.3.2. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration policy at city level 5.3.3. Level of the integration of climate measures in urban regeneration plan at community level 5.4. Summary 6. Policy development: Internal and external factors to integrate climate measures into urban regeneration policy 6.1. Internal factors 6.1.1. Political factors 6.1.2. Organisational factors 6.1.3. Resources 6.1.4. Cognitive factors 6.1.5. Characterisation of the problem at hand 6.2. External factors 6.2.1. Public awareness and support 6.2.2. Lack of private sector support 6.3. Relevant factors and gaps regarding factors in the conceptual framework 6.4. Discussion 7. Policy implementation: internal and external factors to integrate climate measures into urban regeneration projects 7.1. Internal factors 7.1.1. Political factors 7.1.2. Organisational factors 7.1.3. Resources 7.1.4. Cognitive factors 7.1.5. Characterisation of the problems/opportunities at hand 7.2. External factors 7.2.1. Residents’ support 7.2.2. Characterisation of the problem at hand 7.2.3. Lack of private sector support 7.2.4. Cognitive factors 7.3. Relevant factors and gaps regarding factors in the conceptual framework 7.4. Discussion and implementation gaps between policy development and policy implementation 8. Conclusions: recommendations to enhance the level of integration of climate measures into urban regeneration 8.1. Synthesis of the dissertation 8.2. Limitations of the research and further research 8.3. Implications for academic discussion and practices 8.4. Recommendations 8.5. Overall conclusion References Appendi

Platform technologies and human cell lines for the production of therapeutic exosomes

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types and represent various biological properties depending on their producing cells. They are also known to be important mediators of intercellular communication. Recent data suggest that exosomes can mediate the therapeutic effects of their parental cells; hence, they have been in the spotlight as novel therapeutics. To develop and manufacture effective therapeutic exosomes, customized strategies are needed to use appropriate technologies for exosome engineering and to select suitable production cell lines. In this review, we provide an overview of currently available exosome engineering platform technologies for loading active pharmaceutical ingredient cargo and the types of human cells/cell lines that are being used as exosome-producing cells, particularly focusing on their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages

Distribution of Mast Cells and Locations, Depths, and Sizes of the Putative Acupoints CV 8 and KI 16

The anatomical locations and sizes of acupuncture points (APs) are identified in traditional Chinese medicine by using the cun measurement method. More precise knowledge of those locations and sizes to submillimeter precision, along with their cytological characterizations, would provide significant contributions both to scientific investigations and to precise control of the practice of acupuncture. Over recent decades, researchers have come to realize that APs in the skin of rats and humans have more mast cells (MCs) than neighboring nonacupoints. In this work, the distribution of MCs in the ventral skin of mice was studied so that it could be used to infer the locations, depths from the epidermis, and sizes of three putative APs. The umbilicus was taken as the reference point, and a transversal cross section through it was studied. The harvested skins from 8-week-old mice were stained with toluidine blue, and the MCs were recognized by their red-purple stains and their metachromatic granules. The three putative APs, CV 8 and the left and the right KI 16 APs, were identified based on their high densities of MCs. These findings also imply that acupuncture may stimulate, through MCs, an immune response to allergic inflammation