Cavities and Atomic Packing in Protein Structures and Interfaces

A comparative analysis of cavities enclosed in a tertiary structure of proteins and interfaces formed by the interaction of two protein subunits in obligate and non-obligate categories (represented by homodimeric molecules and heterocomplexes, respectively) is presented. The total volume of cavities increases with the size of the protein (or the interface), though the exact relationship may vary in different cases. Likewise, for individual cavities also there is quantitative dependence of the volume on the number of atoms (or residues) lining the cavity. The larger cavities tend to be less spherical, solvated, and the interfaces are enriched in these. On average 15 Å3 of cavity volume is found to accommodate single water, with another 40–45 Å3 needed for each additional solvent molecule. Polar atoms/residues have a higher propensity to line solvated cavities. Relative to the frequency of occurrence in the whole structure (or interface), residues in β-strands are found more often lining the cavities, and those in turn and loop the least. Any depression in one chain not complemented by a protrusion in the other results in a cavity in the protein–protein interface. Through the use of the Voronoi volume, the packing of residues involved in protein–protein interaction has been compared to that in the protein interior. For a comparable number of atoms the interface has about twice the number of cavities relative to the tertiary structure

Cavities in protein–DNA and protein–RNA interfaces

An analysis of cavities present in protein–DNA and protein–RNA complexes is presented. In terms of the number of cavities and their total volume, the interfaces formed in these complexes are akin to those in transient protein–protein heterocomplexes. With homodimeric proteins protein–DNA interfaces may contain cavities involving both the protein subunits and DNA, and these are more than twice as large as cavities involving a single protein subunit and DNA. A parameter, cavity index, measuring the degree of surface complementarity, indicates that the packing of atoms in protein–protein/DNA/RNA is very similar, but it is about two times less efficient in the permanent interfaces formed between subunits in homodimers. As within the tertiary structure and protein–protein interfaces, protein–DNA interfaces have a higher inclination to be lined by β-sheet residues; from the DNA side, base atoms, in particular those in minor grooves, have a higher tendency to be located in cavities. The larger cavities tend to be less spherical and solvated. A small fraction of water molecules are found to mediate hydrogen-bond interactions with both the components, suggesting their primary role is to fill in the void left due to the local non-complementary nature of the surface patches

Incinerator Air Blower Repetitive Failures

Case StudySharing trouble shooting / experience on blower failures. •To address similar issues / failures due to over-size / over-capacity equipments •Reference for blowers selection at project stage

Novel Approach towards Controlling and Monitoring Nutrient of Soil in Polyhouse

In modern polyhouse, several sensors are required for its automation. Nowadays soil nutrient problem affects plants growth. In this paper various sensing system have been developed for nutrient testing. This technology combines mapping of PH and electric conductivity for soil nutrient management. In agriculture field water is a main source to increase yield of crop. At present irrigation system is fully automated and controlled by the farmers. The proposed system is controlled and monitored as per soil moisture status. Sensors detect soil moisture, water tank level and depending on that solenoid valve are turned ON/OFF automatically. By using wireless sensor network, all sensors data are stored in database and monitored through local display as well as web service (http client/server)

Energy Management in smart Grids using Embedded System & IOT

Smart home consist of two words that are home controlling and energy monitoring network. In smart home to monitor the home it requires something physical quantity which can be monitor like temperature, moisture, gas leakage, humidity etc so for it requires sensor which can measure the physical quantity can convert it into electrical quantity. The web page can monitor the data .Web of things in which the network are interconnected on the web by adding IP address the data can be access which is called web page. To control the devices it also requires the web page by which it can be controlled as well as by an GSM module the system can be controlled. Here comes a energy sources which are of two type but one of it is getting depleted and that one is non renewable sources. It also pollutes the environment which affects the human beings. So sun is the best form of energy resources which is the example of renewable energy sources. This form of energy is unlimited and can be used in great amount. Smart grid is the electrical network in which self testing monitoring and analyzing is done and reported to the system because of this method the term automated is being introduced. The rapidly growing population over the past decades has resulted in increasing demands of electricity usage. The main objective of the system is to control the system as well as monitor the system by using web page and to save the electricity by using renewable energy sources

Analysis of Arches

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a preliminary guide for the analysis and design of symmetrical circular arches.In the context of the graduate curriculum that typically limits itself to rectilinear structures, this thesis makes an effort to apply basic principles (virtual work and the flexibility method) towards deriving analytic solutions for different types of elastic arches (reactions and internal forces). To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive repository of such closed formed solutions. To illustrate their application, the preliminary design of a concrete arch is reported. Furthermore, analytical results are assessed to assist engineers gain a "feel" for arch behavior.The study broadly covers semicircular arches. The analysis includes different loading as well as support conditions that lead to statically determinate or indeterminate structural design cases. Effects of unsymmetrical loading conditions on these structures are also briefly covered in their analysis. The analytical solutions are derived with Mathematica, compared with reported analytical solutions (when available),validated with SAP 2000 models and used through Matlab for the design example.Further,this design guide helps relate structural behavior of semicircular arches with their geometry. Influence of aspects like span - to - rise ratio on horizontal thrust, support reactions, and forces across the span provides intuitive understanding of these structures. The study concludes with simplified analytical solutions and preliminary design recommendations

PICA WITH AN UNUSUAL FORM OF PRESENTATION: A CASE REPORT

ABSTRACTGeophagia is a condition involving the consumption of mud and is a form of eating disorder known as pica. Pica is an unusual craving for ingestion ofeither edible or inedible substances. Although, pica is not linked to solvent abuse, here we report a middle aged lady with mud eating that respondedto selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavior therapy.Keywords: Pica, Geophagia, Mud eating