An Evaluation of Effective Radio Advertising Techniques and Strategies

During the past decade, changes affecting advertising have been more profound than in any comparable period, including the years following the advent of radio. These changes have been in response to the changes in the values of our society, such as the concern for ecology and for pollution, the impact of consumerism and the widen role of government. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of radio advertising which can become a vehicle of some significance to national advertisers. This paper will present radio broadcast stations, network, and spot advertising in Chapter One also there will be a discussion on Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation, each refers to technical method uses to superimpose sounds, such as music and speech, onto a radio wave. Chapter Two explains the effective radio commercial and tools for the radio commercial. Chapter Three will identify factors that can effect a commercial\u27s performance which performance can be changed by copywriters. Most commercials tested were announcers ads\u27, and for this type of advertising, it is shown brand name repetition increases recall, whereas number of included in a commercial has no effect on recall. Chapter Four will look at a radio station which it has the option whether it wants to air any commercial or not. This is a feasible substitute for government intrusion in advertising and consumer protection known as the clearance process

Agricultural commercialization of Karen Hill tribes in northern Thailand

Based on a random sample of 240 farm households in Chiang Mai province, Thailand, this study shows that-contrary to widespread belief-Karen farm households are well-integrated into markets. Average levels of market integration are 31% for gross farm output, 35% for variable inputs, 49% for food consumption, and 80% for net family income. By estimating a two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression model, this study finds that integration into output markets is positively associated with a diversification of land use away from rice monoculture, more intense contact with nearby urban centers, and a greater number of roads connecting the village to the outside world. Controlling for these factors, the distance to urban centers does not impede market integration; distant villages are equally well integrated into output markets. The study further finds that integration into output markets improves farm productivity and net per capita income. Concerns about market integration are discussed. Results have implications for Thai policy makers who have recently placed increasing emphasis on the concept of "sufficiency economy" in order to promote the well-being of rural people. Copyright (c) 2009 International Association of Agricultural Economists.

Efeito de extratos aquosos de Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach e Aspidosperma pyrifolium no desenvolvimento e oviposição de Plutella xylostella Effect of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), Melia azedarach (L.) and Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart.) on the development and oviposition of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Foram avaliados a CL50 e o efeito de extratos aquosos de plantas na biologia, oviposição e período embrionário de Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Para determinação da CL50 foram utilizadas concentrações entre 0,03 e 0,8 % para amêndoas de Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.) 0,5 e 7,0 % para casca de Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart.) e 0,5 e 12,5 % para frutos de Melia azedarach (L.), obtendo-se as CL50 de 0,06; 2,17 e 2,90%, respectivamente. Verificou-se que os extratos aquosos de todas as espécies vegetais afetaram o desenvolvimento do inseto, principalmente na fase larval. Na fase de pupa, os extratos reduziram a massa e a viabilidade. Houve deformação de adultos para os extratos de A. pyrifolium e M. azedarach e o de A. indica causou maior porcentagem. Todos os extratos possuem efeito tóxico para ovos de P. xylostella, sendo dependente do aumento da concentração. Nos extratos da casca de A. pyrifolium, do fruto de M. azedarach e da amêndoa de A. indica observa-se ação ovicida quando usados na concentração letal de lagartas de primeiro ínstar da praga. Em observações do ovo de P. xylostella com auxílio de um microscópio eletrônico de varredura, verificou-se a existência de microporos onde pode ocorrer a penetração do produto ovicida, além da constatação da textura rugosa da casca do ovo que pode reter ou fixar os extratos.<br>The effects of aqueous extracts of plants on the biology, preference for oviposition and embryonic period of Plutella xylostella were evaluated. Concentrations between 0.03 and 0.8 % for kernel of Azadirachta indica, 0.5 and 7.0% for peel of Aspidosperma pyrifolium and 0.5 and 12.5% for fruits of Melia azedarach were used, with LC50 values of 0.06; 2.17 and 2.90%, respectively, being obtained. It was verified that the aqueous extracts of all of the appraised vegetable species affected the development of the insect, mainly in the larval phase. In the pupae phase, the extracts reduced the weight and the viability. There was adults' deformation for the extracts of A. pyrifolium and M. azedarach, being it of A. indica what caused larger percentage. Toxics effects on the eggs of P. xylostella were observed for all extracts. The extracts from A. pyrifolium (peel); M. azedarach (fruit) and A. indica (kernel) presented ovicide action in the lethal concentration of caterpillars at first instar of the pest. Observations of P. xylostella eggs with the aid of an electronic microscope showed presence of microspore, revealing ovicide action, besides wrinkled texture of the eggs peel retaining the extracts