Optimization and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the estimation of 6-mercaptopurine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations

Descreve-se método de CLAE em fase reversa para a determinação de mercaptopurina a granel e em comprimidos. A cromatografia foi realizada em coluna C18, utilizando mistura de acetonitrila em tampão acetato de sódio 0,05 mol/L (10:90 v/v) como fase móvel, com fluxo de 1 mL/min e detecção a 324 nm. O tempo de retenção do fármaco foi de 3,25 min. A resposta do detector foi linear na concentração de 0,01-5 μg/mL. O limite de detecção e o limite de quantificação foram de 17e 52 ng/mL, respectivamente. O método foi validado pela determinação de sua sensibilidade, linearidade, acurácia e precisão. O método proposto é simples, econômico, rápido, acurado e preciso e, então, pode ser aplicado para controle de qualidade de rotina da mercaptopurina em batelada e em comprimidos.A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of 6-mercaptopurine in bulk and tablets. Chromatography was carried on a C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.05 mol/L sodium acetate buffer (10:90 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min-1 with detection at 324 nm. The retention time of the drug was 3.25 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 0.01-5 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 17 and 52 ng/mL respectively. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, economical, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of mercaptopurine in bulk and tablets

An Estimated Multiplier For Quick Energy-Efficient Digital Indication Dispensation

We propose a high-speed, energy-efficient approximation multiplier. The method is to round the coefficients to the nearest exponent of two. In this way, the abbreviated arithmetic part is omitted from the multiplication process to improve the speed and power consumption with a small error rate. The proposed approach applies to both signed and unsigned complications. We propose that three devices be implemented for the coarse multiplier, which includes one for unsigned and two for signed operations. The efficiency of the proposed multiplier is evaluated by comparing its performance with the performance of some approximate and accurate multipliers using different design criteria. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed approximate multiplier is studied in two image processing applications, i.e. image sharpening and smoothing

Development of a metalised carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) antenna reflector for satellite communication

The Antenna reflectors made of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) are used in spacecrafts for Satellite Communication in C, S and Ku bands. For futuristic Satellite Communication applications in x2018;Kax2019; band, there is a need of improving the reflectivity for Radio Frequency (RF) signals by metallising the surface of CFRP reflectors. The space qualified CFRP reflectors have been developed by ISRO for various GEOSAT projects but the process for developing a space qualified reflector having a metallized surface has not been established in the country. Recently, efforts in this hither to fore unexplored domain have been made jointly by Space Application Center, Ahemadabad and National Aerospace lab, Bangalore to develop reflectors with metallized surface

A randomized control study of yoga on anemic patients

40 Anemic individuals aged between 15-40 years randomly were taken as subjects. They were trained for Trikonasana and its variations, Sarvangasana, Surya namaskara, Yoga mudras for 90 days under supervision of professional yoga trainers. Assessments of various parameters like Pulse rate, B.P, Hb%, were done before the training and after the training of 30th, 60th and 90th day with and without treatment. After yoga with treatment increases Pulse rate and Hb%, while BP was shown normal

"What will people think?" Indian Women and Domestic Violence in Aotearoa/ New Zealand

Migration is a complex process undertaken for a wide range of reasons. To leave the country of ones birth to settle in another is likely to involve disruption to existing family and community relationships, reassessing ones culture of origin, reassessing ones identity and “fitting in” with a host culture. For many migrants, relative poverty, isolation, racism and prejudice are additional challenges and often, obtaining permanent resident status is far from straight forward. For these sorts of reasons, immigrant women who experience domestic violence face particular challenges over and above those faced by women from the dominant host culture. Although there is a field of international literature which identifies immigrant-specific factors that trigger or maintain domestic violence, there is little such research in New Zealand and none which specifically focuses on Indian women immigrants. This research is positioned within a view of domestic violence in India being a socio-cultural issue cutting across all castes, social classes and religions. The research increases awareness of cultural perspectives that foster violence and abuse, and investigates how the process of migration affects Indian women’s attempts to navigate their safety in the context of New Zealand. In particular, it reveals the barriers that Indian immigrant woman experiencing domestic violence face in seeking help, paying particular attention to the socio- cultural aspects of the Indian Diaspora in New Zealand. There were two phases to the data collection- semi- structured face-to-face interviews with key informants in India and New Zealand and case studies of Indian migrant women who experience domestic violence. The key findings suggest that patriarchal attitudes and a sense of male entitlement are pivotal in perpetuating and tolerating domestic violence. In-laws are heavily implicated in the abuse (emotional, physical and financial) of women. This includes continued dowry demands after the wedding. Women reported isolation as an integral aspect of power and control exercised by their spouse in a host country. This and the shame they might bring upon their family and community were key reasons for not seeking help. Uncertain immigration status of women hindered reporting domestic violence. Although some community members were helpful, too often the Indian migrant community colluded with the abuser and/or were tolerant of domestic violence. Indian migrant women were sometimes outmanoeuvred by their partners in the family court by using ‘orders preventing removal’ of children. Even after women left the abusive relationship, they were emotionally abused by the partner using their children. Culturally safe practices are paramount to ensure women are not further victimized when they approach services

Overview: Building State Capacity for Regulation in India

When India embarked on market-oriented reforms in 1991, there was a desire to break with central planning; with detailed government control of entry barriers, product design and processes within firms. This is not synonymous with deregulation: there are market failures in many industries that require addressing. This led to the establishment of regulators. While the Reserve Bank of India has existed since 1934, there was a wave of establishment of new regulators after SEBI was created in 1988

Designing for Food Security: Portability and the Expansion of User Freedoms Through the COREPDS in Chhattisgarh, India

Food insecurity is a complex global problem, with approximately one in eight humans struggling with insufficient ac-cess to adequate nutrition. India accounts for the largest share of the world’s food-insecure population despite more than four decades of subsidized food production, distribution, and consumption. We report on the public distribu-tion of food through the COREPDS (centralized online real-time public distribution system), an ICT intervention in the public distribution system of Chhattisgarh, India. COREPDS is a theoretically driven ICT intervention that empowers households in Chhattisgarh by offering them the freedom to choose when, where, and how they wish to exercise their constitutionally guaranteed right to food access. We analyze the motivations to use ICTs to democratize food ac-cess and measure the extent to which geographic location and socioeconomic status affect utilization of user free-doms. Our analysis has significant implications for framing national ICT policies in ways that emphasize frugal, flexible, local alternatives to mega e-infrastructures

Comparative antioxidant and bioavailability studies of Vitamin C in Phyllanthus emblica Linn. and its combinations with Piper nigrum Linn. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (amla) is used in Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine and its major constituent is vitamin C which has effective free radical scavenging property. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity and the bioavailability profile of vitamin C in amla and its combinations with piperine and ginger in comparison to synthetic vitamin C using New Zealand rabbits. In vitro antioxidant activity studies of synthetic vitamin C, amla, amla with piperine and amla with ginger were carried out using different models such as 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods, Total reductive capability and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity estimation. The study results showed that synthetic vitamin C, amla, amla with piperine and amla with ginger possess significant in vitro antioxidant activity. For bioavailability studies, synthetic vitamin C, amla, amla with piperine and amla with ginger 100 mg/kg, were administered orally and the serum samples were analyzed by HPLC at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours. Bioavailability studies revealed that amla with piperine combination has higher concentration of vitamin C when compared to synthetic vitamin C. This is probably due to presence of piperine, which is a bioavailability enhancer. The present study supports the fact that amla with piperine combination can be an alternative to synthetic vitamin C.Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (amla) é utilizada na medicina Ayurveda, medicina da Índia antiga e seu principal constituinte é a vitamina C, que possui propriedade sequestrante de radicais livres. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante in vitro e o perfil de biodisponibilidade da vitamina C na amla e suas combinações com piperina e gengibre em comparação com a vitamina C sintética, utilizando coelhos da Nova Zelândia. Os estudos de atividade antioxidante in vitro de vitamina C sintética, amla, amla com piperina e amla com gengibre foram realizados utilizando-se diferentes modelos para sequestrantes, como 2,2-difenil-1-picrilidrazil, óxido nítrico, peróxido de hidrogênio, capacidade redutiva total e a estimativa da capacidade de absorvância do radical oxigênio. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que vitamina C sintética, amla, amla com piperina e amla com gengibre possuem atividade antioxidante in vitro significativa. Para os estudos de biodisponibilidade, administraram-se oralmente vitamina C sintética, amla, amla com piperina e amla com gengibre 100 mg/kg e as amostras de soro foram analisadas por CLAE em 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 horas. Os estudos de biodisponibilidade revelaram que a associação de amla com piperina tem maior concentração de vitamina C, quando comparada com a vitamina C sintética. Este efeito é provavelmente devido à presença de piperina, que é intensificador de biodisponibilidade. O presente estudo apoia o fato de que a associação de amla e piperina pode ser uma alternativa para a vitamina C sintética

STUDY OF HRCT CHEST FINDINGS AND SEVERITY SCORE IN COVID-19 PATIENTS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS

Objectives: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) refers to a CT scan that gives a more precise cross-section image of the lungs than a regular chest CT and chest X-ray. HRCT chest uses specific technologies for better image resolution with exquisite lung details ideal for assessment. This modality can be applied in diagnosing and grading severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. HRCT is more sensitive and accurate in diagnosing diffuse lung disease. Since HRCT can detect even small nodules in the lungs, it can detect severe abnormalities at an early stage of the infection and help to plan appropriate treatment. The aim of the study was to study HRCT chest findings in patients with COVID-19 infection and correlation with clinical and laboratory parameters.   Methods: This was a prospective and retrospective observational study done for duration of 1 year, that is, from June 2020 to May 2021 in the Department of Radio-diagnosis at Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Tiruporur-Guduvancherry, Main Road, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Kancheepuram district on 235 COVID-19 positive patients. Results: The typical findings were ground glass opacity + reticular pattern (GGO +crazy paving) noted 50.2% moderate cases and 13.2% severe cases. The mild group (CT-SS of 1–8) consisted of 56 patients (23.83%), moderate group (CT-SS of 9–12) consisted of 143 (60.85%) patients where as severe group (CT-SS of >13) was composed of 36 (15.32%). Conclusion: HRCT chest plays an important role in early identification of the COVID-19 infection. HRCT severity score helps to the patients in guiding the treatment and monitor disease progression

Development and Validation of a Rapid RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Esmolol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Abstract: A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of esmolol hydrochloride in bulk and injections. Chromatography was carried on a C 18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile, 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer and glacial acetic acid (35:65:3 v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with detection at 275 nm. The retention time of the drug was 4.76 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1-50 µg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.614 and 1.86 µg/mL respectively. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, economical, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of esmolol hydrochloride in bulk and injections