طراحی مقیاس خودکارآمدی رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از کووید 19

Background and Aims: Given the importance of self-efficacy in coping with Covid-19 in the long term and the ability of individuals to protect themselves against this disease, the present study aimed to design a self-efficacy scale in preventive behaviors against Covid-19. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 292 patients referring health centers in Arak during 2021-2022 through a random sampling method. Face validity was examined qualitatively and quantitatively, and the ratio and content validity index of the instrument was calculated with the qualitative judgment of a panel of 10 experts. Reliability was then examined and confirmed by determining internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient). Factor analysis was used to finalize the tool. Results: Total 173 (59.2%) participant were male and the mean (SD) age was 37.6 (12.8) years old and the largest age group were 41-59 years old. Also, 163 people (48.3%) had a history of COVID-19. The mean of content validity index (CVI) was 0.94 and the  content validity ratio (CVR) was 0.89. The average calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.89 and the  intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.86  Validators in exploratory factor analysis of self-efficacy tool in 10 two-factor items that explained 66.8% of the variance of self-efficacy of COVID-19. Conclusion: The results of this study provided appropriate evidence regarding a reliable and valid tool based on cultural validation for self-efficacy of prevention behaviors against COVID-19 in Iranian society.زمینه و اهداف: با توجه به اهمیت خودکارآمدی جهت سازگاری با بیماری کووید 19 در دراز مدت و توانایی محافظت افراد از خود در مقابله با این بیماری مطالعه حاضر با هدف طراحی مقیاس خودکارامدی در رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از کووید 19 اجرا گردیده است. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی در سال 1401 -1400 با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی بر روی 292 نفر از مراجعه‌کنندگان به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی شهر اراک انجام شد. روایی صوری به صورت کیفی و کمی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نسبت و شاخص روایی محتوای ابزار، با قضاوت کیفی یک پانل 10 نفره خبرگان محاسبه گردید، سپس پایایی با تعیین همسانی درونی (ضریب آلفای کرونباخ) ، روايي محتوا با نظر متخصصين و  روايي سازه با تحليل عامل اكتشافي بررسی و مورد تایید قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: تعداد 173 نفر (%59/2) مرد و میانگین( انحراف معیار) سن (12/8) 37/6 سال و بیشترین گروه سنی 59-41 ساله بودند. تعداد 163 نفر (%3/48) سابقه ابتلا به کووید را داشتند. میانگین شاخص روايي محتوا (CVI) 0/94 و نسبت روايي محتوا (CVR) 0/89 بود. میانگین ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شده برابر با 0/89 و ضریب همبستگی درون گروهی (ICC) 86/0 بود. روايي سازها در تحلیل عامل اكتشافي ابزار خودكارآمدي در 10 آيتم دو  عاملي كه 66/8 درصد واريانس خودكارآمدى كوويد19 را تبيين كرد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه شواهد مناسبی در خصوص ابزار مناسب پایا و روا بر اساس اعتبارسنجی فرهنگی جهت خودکارامدی رفتارهای پیشگیری از کووید-19 در جامعه ایرانی را فراهم نمود

The Influence of a School-Based Online Educational Intervention on Oral Health Behaviors of Primary School Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Dental caries are one of the children’s most common chronic diseases. This study aims to examine the influence of school-based online education on oral hygiene behaviors during COVID-19. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 120 students in the 5th and 6th grades of primary school in Shazand, Iran, from February 2022 to April 2022. The participants were selected by cluster sampling method and divided into two groups; control (n=60) and experimental (n=60). The data collection instrument checked the participants’ demographic information, constructions of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and oral health behaviors before and after the intervention. The experimental group participated in four online educational sessions (each session was 1 hour) in SHAD software. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data via SPSS version 23. Results: The mean ±standard deviation (SD) of the students’ age was 11.50 ± 0.50. Before the intervention, there was no significant relationship between the oral hygiene behavior of the two groups and the TPB constructions (p>0.05). A month after the intervention, the mean scores of the oral hygiene behavior, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention significantly increased in the experimental group (p<0.001). After the intervention, both twice brushing a day and once a day flossing significantly increased in the experimental group; from 28.2 % to 73.3 % and from 50 % to 75 %, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Rendering the results of this study, online educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior promotes the oral health behaviors of primary school students

Does health literacy affect women’s oral health self-care behavior? A cross-sectional study in health centers of Tabriz, North West of Iran

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIM: In public health, health literacy (HL) is rather a new conception. In this regard, oral health as a critical public health issue that affects women’s health. The objective of the present study was to determine oral health self-care behavior and its relationship with HL. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 232 women who referred to health centers of Tabriz, Iran, in 2015. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire including demographic characteristics, oral health behavior, and HL [assessed using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) scale]. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, independent samples t-test, and multiple regressions. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 33.4 years [standard deviation (SD) = 8.2; range = 18-49]. The mean ± SD of oral health self-care behavior and HL score was 4.4 ± 1.9 and 3.3 ± 2.0, respectively. Totally, 24.6% of the participants had limited HL (57/232). Only 19.4% (45/232) of participants brushed their teeth twice daily or more, and 28.9% (67/232) had dental check-up less than 6 months ago. The HL had positive association with oral health self-care behavior (β = 0.37, P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression models, oral health self-care behavior was associated with HL and education level (P < 0.001). HL and education level explained 19.5% of the variance in behavior. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that HL was a predictor of oral health self-care behavior in women. However, more studies are needed to confirm the results of this study. Hence, promoting oral health interventions and designing effective educational materials based on HL might be beneficial to improve oral health behavior and status. KEYWORDS: Health Literacy; Brushing; Oral Health Behavior; Newest Vital Sign; Oral Self-Car

Determine the factors that affected COVID-19 prevention behaviors based on constructs of social cognition theory

Abstract Background COVID-19 is a universal challenge and novel disease is one of the core public health concerns. This study aimed to determine the factors that affected COVID-19 prevention behaviors (CPB) based on constructs of Social Cognition Theory (SCT). Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 426 participants referred to health centers of Arak from October 2021 to February 2022, and they were selected through a multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire which includes socio-demographic data (6 items), COVID-19 prevention behaviors (12 items), and SCT constructs related to COVID-19 (32 items). SPSS Ver-16 statistical software was used to analyze the data with one-way ANOVA, independent samples t-test, and multiple linear regressions. The significance level of α = 0.05 was considered for all tests. Results The mean age was 37.8 years (SD = 12.2) and ranged from 17 to 81. According to the results, 51.2% had higher education and 52.6% of the participants were female. The mean (SD) of COVID-19 preventive behaviors was 43 (SD = 7.8) out of 60. There was statistical association between CPB and three constructs of SCT. Multiple regression showed that the outcomes expectations (β = 0.11, p < 0.001), self-regulation (β = 0.41, p < 0.001), and self-efficacy (β = 0.30, p < 0.001), age, gender, and history of COVID 19infection were associated with CPB and those described 61% of the variance of CPB. Conclusion Rendering to the result of this study constructs of SCT is the key predictor of participants’ CPB. Hence, based on these predictors, effective interventions and healthy messages could be designed based on this predictor—outcomes expectations, self-regulation, social support, and self-efficacy which can be beneficial to improve healthy behavior

The Survey of Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of Mothers toward Otitis Media in Children

Background: Otitis media is the second most common pediatric disease in the world and family, especially mothers, play an important role in prevention of this disease in children. The present study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and performance of mothers regarding preventive behaviors of otitis media in infants. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted by random sampling method on 240 mothers of infants referring to health centers of Arak City, Iran, in 2021. Data were collected by a questionnaire whose reliability and validity were previously confirmed and were analyzed with SPSS software using descriptive and analytical statistical tests including Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-test. P < 0.05 was considered as the significance level. Findings: The mean age of children was 11.40 ± 6.05 months and 194 (80.8%) mothers were housewives. 16.2% of mothers had desirable knowledge about otitis media and 67.1% had moderate knowledge. 92.5% of mothers had desirable attitude and 7.5% had moderate attitude. Besides, performance score was desirable in 58.3% of mothers, moderate in 39.2%, and weak in 2.5%. There was a significant relationship between knowledge score with attitude of mothers (r = 0.320, P < 0.001) and performance (P < 0.050). The demographic variables including mother’s education, number of children, family income, knowledge, and attitude predicted 0.118% of maternal performance variance in prevention of otitis media in infants. Conclusion: Most mothers had weak or moderate knowledge and performance about prevention of otitis media in infants. Mother's background factors including education and household income are effective in this field. Therefore, educational planning is necessary to improve the knowledge and performance of mothers

The Use of Bristol\'s tool in lactation Counseling and its Impact on the Breastfeeding Status in Primiparous Mothers Undergone Cesarean Section

Introduction: Mothers of cesarean section need more support for breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to use Bristol's tool for lactation counseling on the breastfeeding status in mothers undergone Cesarean section. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study,80 primiparous women after cesarean section In Fatemieh Hospital of Hamedan in year 2018 were selected by available sampling method and assigned to two groups of test (pairs) and control (individual days) (40 persons per group). In two groups, the researcher reviewed the Bristol Breastfeeding checklist, assessed the breastfeeding status, nuchal infant, milk swallowing and infant suction and, based on the need, a breastfeeding counselor was provided in the test group. The counseling was given to the mother during the first 2 hours, 2 days, 10 days and one month after delivery. During this time, the control group received routine care only. The lactation continuity questionnaire was completed for both groups during the four months after delivery. Results: Two groups had no significant differences in demographic variables (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean duration of lactation during the four months postpartum (P <0.001). The mean of Bristol instrument scores in the first session did not have a significant difference between the two groups, but in the second, third and fourth sessions after delivery, there was a significant difference between the two groups (P <0.001). Conclusion: The Bristol tool is a good tool for evaluating mothers breastfeeding

Effects of online social media on improving mothers’ behaviors towards preventing their children’s otitis media based on the PRECED model: a randomized educational intervention trial

Abstract Background Otitis media is one of the most common diseases in children, especially those under 2 years of age. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE model on mothers’ preventive behaviors of middle ear infections in infants. Methods This study was conducted as an educational randomized controlled trial on 88 mothers with infants referred to health centers in Arak, Iran. Sampling from September 2021 to February 2022 selected trough stratified random sampling who were assigned to two groups of experimental = 44 and control = 44. The data collection tool was a reliable and valid questionnaire that included demographic information, constructs of PRECEDE model regarding otitis media, and preventive behaviors. The experimental group received 4 training sessions (each session 60 min) through WhatsApp social network. Information was collected through an online questionnaire before and 3 months after the educational intervention from both groups. Data analysis was also performed with SPSS version 23. Results Before the educational intervention there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the otitis media preventive behaviors and structures of PRECEDE model (p > 0.05). After the educational intervention, in the experimental group the average score of knowledge from 0.49 to 0.81, attitude from 4.01 to 4.58, enabling factors from 0.72 to 0.85, reinforcing factors from 3.31 to 3.91 and behavior from 3.25 to 3.66 increased significantly (p < 0.001). Conclusions PRECEDE-based education with controlling, monitoring and follow-up during the program was effective in promoting the preventive behaviors of otitis media. Therefore, due to the side effects of otitis media, especially in vulnerable periods such as childhood, it is recommended that trainings based on this model be carried out in other health care centers and clinics in order to maintain children health. Trial registration This trial has been registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20210202050228N1. Prospectively registered at 2021-May-21, (2021/05/21) available at: URL: https://en.irct.ir/trial/54073

Relationship between Breakfast Consumption and Self-Efficacy, outcome Expectations, Evaluation and Knowledge in Elementary Students

Background: The breakfast is the most important meal of the day that its regular consumption is effective on individuals' physical, psychological and social health. Given the high prevalence of irregular consumption of breakfast among students, this study has been designed to investigate breakfast consumption behavior and its related factors within social cognitive theory framework.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 360 primary school students female (52.3%) and 154 male (47.7%) who were out schools of Isfahan using cluster-random sampling The data were collected in a self-reporting form by researcher made questionnaire with a significant reliability and validity The data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis.Results: The average breakfast consumption (in a week) score of 2.4 with a standard deviation of 1.7. The 10.5% of students were eating breakfast every day. There was a significant relationship between breakfast consumption and self-efficacy, outcome expectation and outcome evaluation. There was an inverse relationship between students' age, and economic situation and breakfast consumption. The results of multiple regression test showed that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy (0.145 beta), type of school (0.631 beta), and student age (0.402 beta) and having breakfast and it predicted 24.3% of breakfast consumption variance.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eating breakfast is not desirable in students. Self-efficacy is a predictor of breakfast consumption in students. Therefore, educational intervention seems necessary to increase self-efficacy and breakfast consumption rate

Complications and Risk Factors of Neonatal Macrosomia: A Case-Control Study

Background: Macrosomia is defined as the birth weight of greater than or equal to 4,000 grams, which is considered to be a public health issue threatening mothers and neonates. Studies indicate that the prevalence rate of macrosomia is on the rise in developing countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the influential factors in the occurrence of neonatal macrosomia. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at Al-Zahra Hospital in Tabriz, located in the north-west of Iran, during March 2013-February 2014. Sample population included all the live-born neonates and their mothers. The case group consisted of the neonates with the birth weight of ≥4,000 grams (n=404), and the control group included 404 newborns weighing 2,500-3,999 grams. Data were collected using a maternal and neonatal information form (maternal age, neonatal gender, mode of delivery, maternal height, and maternal history of diabetes). Data were extracted from the medical files of the samples and recorded in the form. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and 2χ) at the significance level of α=0.05. Results: In total, 8,012 neonates were born during the study, 404 of whom has macrosomia (5.04%). Mean maternal age in the case and control groups was 29.6±6.1 and 27.9±8.3 years, respectively (

Do Maternal Oral Health-Related Self-Efficacy and Knowledge Influence Oral Hygiene Behavior of their Children?

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess the effects of maternal self-efficacy and oral health-related knowledge on pre-school children oral hygiene behavior