Comparison of pear production areas from yield risk aspect

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Irrigation management of a peach orchard

The research field was at Siófok, in Hungary, which is situated in the South East side of Lake Balaton. The physical characteristicof the soil is sandy loam and loam and the peach orchard is irrigated. Mainly Sweet Lady (early ripening), Red Heaven (medium ripening) ésVeinberger (early ripening) species were installed. In order to achieve the optimal developement level of trees and maximal yield amount andfruit diameter (Sweet Lady 60–75 mm, Red Heaven 60–70 mm, Veinberger 50–60 mm) continous water and nutrient supply is required. Theirrigation modeling was set by CROPWAT 8.0 based on the climatic, crop and soil data inputs of the last 10 years. Based on the results, largeamount of water is needed for optimal growth of fruit trees, particularly in the summer months, in case of active ground cover (+) and baresoil (–) as well. The irrigation requirement of a tree was found maximum 4 l/hour in certain cases. This irrigation intensity can be achieved –calculated with 12-hour operating time – by using continuous water NAAN Tif drip tube with 2 l/h flux on 3 atm pressure with 16 mm pipediameter. If lower irrigation intensity is required irrigation can be controlled by the decreased the operation time

Tom Jobim e a modernidade musical brasileira : 1953/1958

Orientador: Marcos NapolitanoDissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Humanas, Letras e Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em História. Defesa: Curitiba, 2004Inclui bibliografi

Spatial and temporal variation of extremely low minimum temperatures in Hungary during the period between 1951 and 2010

For this study, data of 16 meteorological stations have been processed over a period of 60 years with the purpose to reveal thespatial and temporal structure of the frequencies of absolute extreme minima in Hungary with special reference to the surmised global rise oftemperatures on a worldwide scale. In the main areas of fruit growing, the monthly or seasonal absolute temperature maxima and minima arepresented during the 60 year-long period and projected on the geographical map.For the main fruit- and vegetable growing regions the probability of winter- and late frosts is of prime interest. The time series of extremetemperatures though did not prove signifi cant changes over the period observed, but the information upon changes and their tendencies is aprecious tool being utilised in planning, choice of adequate varieties for a longer period of time in the future.The deleterious winter frosts experienced in fruit production is not a consequence of a sole drop to a minimum temperature, but of an earlierperiod of mild temperatures during the winter, which sensibilised the trees. Frequent and extreme variations of temperatures may causetroubles at any time during the year and reduce the yields conspicuously.We ought to get familiar with the hazards of our climate and fi nd optimal solutions to mitigate the damages expected.The seasonal and monthly distribution projected on the geographical map we can follow up also the spatial relations and the signifi cance oftheir occurrence. Coeffi cients of variation between meteorological happenings at different localities facilitate the calculation of the probabilityof risks on the surrounding areas

Spatial and temporal variation of extremely low minimum temperatures in Hungary during the period between 1951 and 2010

For this study, data of 16 meteorological stations have been processed over a period of 60 years with the purpose to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of the frequencies of absolute extreme minima in Hungary with special reference to the surmised global rise of temperatures on a worldwide scale. In the main areas of fruit growing, the monthly or seasonal absolute temperature maxima and minima are presented during the 60 year-long period and projected on the geographical map. For the main fruit- and vegetable growing regions the probability of winter- and late frosts is of prime interest. The time series of extreme temperatures though did not prove signifi cant changes over the period observed, but the information upon changes and their tendencies is a precious tool being utilised in planning, choice of adequate varieties for a longer period of time in the future. The deleterious winter frosts experienced in fruit production is not a consequence of a sole drop to a minimum temperature, but of an earlier period of mild temperatures during the winter, which sensibilised the trees. Frequent and extreme variations of temperatures may cause troubles at any time during the year and reduce the yields conspicuously. We ought to get familiar with the hazards of our climate and fi nd optimal solutions to mitigate the damages expected. The seasonal and monthly distribution projected on the geographical map we can follow up also the spatial relations and the signifi cance of their occurrence. Coeffi cients of variation between meteorological happenings at different localities facilitate the calculation of the probability of risks on the surrounding areas

Spatial and temporal variation of extremely abundant maxima of precipitation in Hungary during the period between 1951 and 2010

The study deals with the accumulated database of 16 meteorological stations in Hungary during a period of 60 years. The purposewas to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of the appearance of extreme values in the daily distribution of data concerning precipitation.We strived to answer the question whether the frequency of incidences of daily maxima did they change or not during the 60 year-long periodin the main growing regions of the country. It is demonstrated on geographical maps how the size and frequency of precipitation episodesensued, and what are the typical traits of changes in intensity as well as in frequency of happenings projected according to their spatial andtemporal distribution.From the point of view of fruit and vegetable growing, it is of prime interest what kind of frequency and intensity of changes occurredin precipitation. The temporal distribution of extremities though did not seem to change signifi cantly in some areas, but the recognitionof changes may help conspicuously the planning and the choice between alternatives of species and varieties as well as technologies ofhorticultural managements for the long run.Extremely intense rains during a short time may cause erosion and stagnant water, thus we have to know what are the odds of risk.The temporary distribution of changes helps us to judge upon the reality of anxieties, which are expected according to the existence of trends.Seasonal or monthly distribution is visualised by maps, what is expected and what is accidental as for a decision in planning. The spatialdistribution of coeffi cients of variation help us to decide what is the local chance of extreme happenings at different parts of the country andwhat is its coeffi cient of uncertainty. The risk of any undertaking dependent on conditions of weather could be expressed numerically by acoeffi cient of risk

Conditions and outlooks of growing stone fruits

Conditions and outlooks of growing stone fruit

The use of rootstocks for European (Prunus domestica) and for Japanese (Prunus salicina) plums (review)

The worldwide tendency to increase the intensity of fruit growing technologies prefers generally for every fruit species rootstockswith week or mediocre vigour. From this viewpoint, the use of rootstocks for plums are rather unilateral in Hungary, where 95–99% of plumplantations are grafted on mirobalan seedlings (P. cerasifera v. mirobalana). The score of plum rootstocks abroad is much more diversifi ed.The present study summarises the respective knowledge referring to the literature available

The use of rootstocks for European (Prunus domestica) and for Japanese (Prunus salicina) plums (review)

The worldwide tendency to increase the intensity of fruit growing technologies prefers generally for every fruit species rootstocks with week or mediocre vigour. From this viewpoint, the use of rootstocks for plums are rather unilateral in Hungary, where 95–99% of plum plantations are grafted on mirobalan seedlings (P. cerasifera v. mirobalana). The score of plum rootstocks abroad is much more diversified. The present study summarises the respective knowledge referring to the literature available

Spatial and temporal variation of extremely abundant maxima of precipitation in Hungary during the period between 1951 and 2010

The study deals with the accumulated database of 16 meteorological stations in Hungary during a period of 60 years. The purpose was to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of the appearance of extreme values in the daily distribution of data concerning precipitation. We strived to answer the question whether the frequency of incidences of daily maxima did they change or not during the 60 year-long period in the main growing regions of the country. It is demonstrated on geographical maps how the size and frequency of precipitation episodes ensued, and what are the typical traits of changes in intensity as well as in frequency of happenings projected according to their spatial and temporal distribution. From the point of view of fruit and vegetable growing, it is of prime interest what kind of frequency and intensity of changes occurred in precipitation. The temporal distribution of extremities though did not seem to change signifi cantly in some areas, but the recognition of changes may help conspicuously the planning and the choice between alternatives of species and varieties as well as technologies of horticultural managements for the long run. Extremely intense rains during a short time may cause erosion and stagnant water, thus we have to know what are the odds of risk. The temporary distribution of changes helps us to judge upon the reality of anxieties, which are expected according to the existence of trends. Seasonal or monthly distribution is visualised by maps, what is expected and what is accidental as for a decision in planning. The spatial distribution of coeffi cients of variation help us to decide what is the local chance of extreme happenings at different parts of the country and what is its coeffi cient of uncertainty. The risk of any undertaking dependent on conditions of weather could be expressed numerically by a coeffi cient of risk