Economic aspects of applying hail protection nets in apple plantations

The up to date intense apple growing in Hungary is capable to produce yearly about 500-1000 thousand Ft/ha income, which means that the investment of 4 000–5 000 thousand Ft is returned by producing 10-20% net income. The economic balance may, however, be upset by the damage caused by hail, quantitative and qualitative, with an apparently increasing frequency experienced in each third or fourth year. Estimates prove that each hail causing 50% damage may reduces the income proportionately to the capital by 1.5–2.0 percent points, which means a serious threat for the economy of apple production. According to calculations, a plantation producing 30–40 t/ha yields would not be able to raise incomes compensating the investment of 7.0–10.0 million Ft/ha, let alone the frequencies of hail damages. Consequently, 50–60 t/ha yields are needed to become successful, and in planning of new plantations those high yields are aimed with hail nets. An additional difficulty is represented by a lack of financial resources to install hail protection nets

Economic aspects of applying hail protection nets in apple plantations

The up to date intense apple growing in Hungary is capable to produce yearly about 500-1000 thousand Ft/ha income, which meansthat the investment of 4 000–5 000 thousand Ft is returned by producing 10-20% net income. The economic balance may, however, be upsetby the damage caused by hail, quantitative and qualitative, with an apparently increasing frequency experienced in each third or fourth year.Estimates prove that each hail causing 50% damage may reduces the income proportionately to the capital by 1.5–2.0 percent points, whichmeans a serious threat for the economy of apple production. According to calculations, a plantation producing 30–40 t/ha yields would not beable to raise incomes compensating the investment of 7.0–10.0 million Ft/ha, let alone the frequencies of hail damages. Consequently, 50–60t/ha yields are needed to become successful, and in planning of new plantations those high yields are aimed with hail nets. An additionaldifficulty is represented by a lack of financial resources to install hail protection nets

A short introduction of new apple varieties obtained

A short introduction of new apple varieties obtaine

Irrigation management of a peach orchard

The research field was at Siófok, in Hungary, which is situated in the South East side of Lake Balaton. The physical characteristicof the soil is sandy loam and loam and the peach orchard is irrigated. Mainly Sweet Lady (early ripening), Red Heaven (medium ripening) ésVeinberger (early ripening) species were installed. In order to achieve the optimal developement level of trees and maximal yield amount andfruit diameter (Sweet Lady 60–75 mm, Red Heaven 60–70 mm, Veinberger 50–60 mm) continous water and nutrient supply is required. Theirrigation modeling was set by CROPWAT 8.0 based on the climatic, crop and soil data inputs of the last 10 years. Based on the results, largeamount of water is needed for optimal growth of fruit trees, particularly in the summer months, in case of active ground cover (+) and baresoil (–) as well. The irrigation requirement of a tree was found maximum 4 l/hour in certain cases. This irrigation intensity can be achieved –calculated with 12-hour operating time – by using continuous water NAAN Tif drip tube with 2 l/h flux on 3 atm pressure with 16 mm pipediameter. If lower irrigation intensity is required irrigation can be controlled by the decreased the operation time

Comparison of pear production areas from yield risk aspect

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Possibilities and limits of use plastic constructions in fruit growing technologies

On the Experimental Station Pallag of Debrecen University different combinations of fruit species and rootstocks have been raised under and without plastic foil cover in 2002. The growth and productivity of the grafts was our objective of comparison. Results revealed substantial differences in fruit set and yield depending on species and varieties. Sweet and sour cherry varieties grew much shorter under the plastic cover, whereas apricots, peaches and plums set fruit much more eagerly compared with the trees outside the plastic cover. Outside the plastic cover, the trees were much more developed at the beginning of their fruiting period. In spite of that, the growing processes were more intense under the foil. The differences are allegedly due to the repeated summer pruning necessary under the restricted space of the foil, on the other hand, due to the root concurrence because of the dense planting. Regarding the inner properties of the fruits, soluble solids, sugar and acids were higher outside, whereas macro- and mezzo-elements (P, K, Ca, Mg) were more abundant in fruits grown under the foil cover. Further efforts to explore those relations with other varieties and rootstocks are justified

Possibilities and limits of use plastic constructions in fruit growing technologies

On the Experimental Station Pallag of Debrecen University different combinations of fruit species and rootstocks have been raisedunder and without plastic foil cover in 2002. The growth and productivity of the grafts was our objective of comparison. Results revealedsubstantial differences in fruit set and yield depending on species and varieties. Sweet and sour cherry varieties grew much shorter under theplastic cover, whereas apricots, peaches and plums set fruit much more eagerly compared with the trees outside the plastic cover.Outside the plastic cover, the trees were much more developed at the beginning of their fruiting period. In spite of that, the growingprocesses were more intense under the foil. The differences are allegedly due to the repeated summer pruning necessary under the restrictedspace of the foil, on the other hand, due to the root concurrence because of the dense planting.Regarding the inner properties of the fruits, soluble solids, sugar and acids were higher outside, whereas macro- and mezzo-elements (P,K, Ca, Mg) were more abundant in fruits grown under the foil cover.Further efforts to explore those relations with other varieties and rootstocks are justified

Summer pruning of sweet cherry trees and an inquiry of winter frost damages

One of the most demanded research projects is the intensification of fruit production. The use of dwarfing stocks is a moderate solution as their effect is scarcely satisfactory. Climatic conditions of Hungary are continental in Eastern Europe, where Atlantic and Mediterranean effects are interacting with the continentals in a kind of basin with characters of its own. Capricious meteorological episodes are often disturbing the security of development and fruiting of trees:• winter frosts are damaging the cambium and fruiting structures of trees• late spring frosts destroy cambium and flowers• early autumn frosts hurt the leaves• excessive precipitation impairs the growing fruits• drought periods during the summer caused water stress disturbing water husbandry. Vigorous stocks still prevail in the practice, and they ought to withstand challenges of weather hazards. The strong vigour of plants delaysthe process of senescence and the tendency of getting bald, and regeneration of plants is a sign of vitality. In present research, the trees have been trained on vigorous Prunus mahaleb stocks. Summer pruning was one of the important tools of intensive growing techniques. They were compared with traditional techniques and with plastic foil protected trees observing the vegetative as well as generative growth of them

Tom Jobim e a modernidade musical brasileira : 1953/1958

Orientador: Marcos NapolitanoDissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Humanas, Letras e Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em História. Defesa: Curitiba, 2004Inclui bibliografi

Spatial and temporal variation of extremely abundant maxima of precipitation in Hungary during the period between 1951 and 2010

The study deals with the accumulated database of 16 meteorological stations in Hungary during a period of 60 years. The purposewas to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of the appearance of extreme values in the daily distribution of data concerning precipitation.We strived to answer the question whether the frequency of incidences of daily maxima did they change or not during the 60 year-long periodin the main growing regions of the country. It is demonstrated on geographical maps how the size and frequency of precipitation episodesensued, and what are the typical traits of changes in intensity as well as in frequency of happenings projected according to their spatial andtemporal distribution.From the point of view of fruit and vegetable growing, it is of prime interest what kind of frequency and intensity of changes occurredin precipitation. The temporal distribution of extremities though did not seem to change signifi cantly in some areas, but the recognitionof changes may help conspicuously the planning and the choice between alternatives of species and varieties as well as technologies ofhorticultural managements for the long run.Extremely intense rains during a short time may cause erosion and stagnant water, thus we have to know what are the odds of risk.The temporary distribution of changes helps us to judge upon the reality of anxieties, which are expected according to the existence of trends.Seasonal or monthly distribution is visualised by maps, what is expected and what is accidental as for a decision in planning. The spatialdistribution of coeffi cients of variation help us to decide what is the local chance of extreme happenings at different parts of the country andwhat is its coeffi cient of uncertainty. The risk of any undertaking dependent on conditions of weather could be expressed numerically by acoeffi cient of risk