Evaluation of Yield and Yield Related Attributes of Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties in East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, a number of improved potato varieties have been released by different research centers; with much emphasis for productivity, while it has been given less or no emphasis to adaptability to different agro ecologies and resistance against late blight resistance. Therefore, field experiments at Debre Markos university and Abazash nursery site and laboratory experiments at Debre Markos university were conducted to evaluate yield, yield component and tuber qualities of five released varieties (Belete, Bubu, Gudenie, Gera and Jalenie) and one local cultivar (Demmie) for two consecutive years. The experiment was laid out as a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. quality attributes were studied in laboratory using standard procedure. The results revealed that the highest significant different has been recorded for most of traits. On the basis of overall means, the highest total yield (51.2t/ha), marketable tuber yield (46.69t/ha), average tuber weight (99.85gm), large sized tuber number (48.71%), large sized tuber weight (77.52%), were observed for Belete variety. The highest marketable tuber number (87.62%) and unmarketable tuber weight (4.08t/ha) were observed for gera variety. The highest unmarketable tuber number (45.5%), small tuber number (56.03%), small sized tuber weight (28.291%) were observed for farmers’ local cultivar Demmie. The highest medium sized tuber number (37.173%) and medium sized tuber weight (42.197%) were observed for bubu varieties. Jalene are highly affected by late blight disease.  In conclusion, the result of the study reviled that the variety and growing environment has a great influence on yield and yield components and quality of potato This study suggested that the importance of testing varietiesacross location to recommend varieties for specific end uses. Keywords: Irish potato, Varieties, Location, Yield and Yield Attribute

Multidrug-resistant pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria isolated from cockroaches in meal serving facilities, Jimma, Ethiopia

Introduction: An increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR)bacteria in recent years is becoming worrisome. Domestic cockroaches can play a significant role in the dissemination of such bacteria between the environment and human beings. This study aimed at determining anti-microbial resistance pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria identified from cockroaches trapped in restaurants and cafeterias.Methods: Trapped cockroaches were picked with surgical gloves, sealed in sterile plastic bags and transported to the Microbiology laboratory. Standard microbiological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacteria. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer diffusion technique.Result: A total of five species of food borne illness associated bacteria were detected. Majority (57.1%) of the bacteria were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. More than 89% of the isolates were multi drug resistance (MDR). MDR was higher on gram positive bacteria. S. aureus showed 53.3% resistance against oxacillin(MRSA) and 33.3% against vancomycin.Conclusion: A very high percentage of MDR bacteria was seen in this study. Most of the bacteria tested were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. Potential factors associated with cockroaches that contributed to this high MDR rate of the isolates should be investigated in future.Keywords: MDR, bacteria, cockroaches, food borne

Proverbs and naturalness in mother-tongue translation: the Dagaare New Testament in perspective

This paper argues that the use of proverbs in translating the Bible into mother-tongues constitutes an essential ingredient to naturalness in the receptor-language text, thereby enhancing acceptability. Thus, the subject of translating proverbs and translating using proverbs should be handled with the attention it deserves. Using the Dagaare New Testaments as the main texts, the study aims to explore the use of proverbs in the Dagaare text in general; examine how English proverbs were translated; identify which proverbs translate well between English and Dagaare; find out how parallel proverbs were used in Dagaare and how non-proverbial expressions were translated as proverbs in the RL. This study also considered how proverbs were translated as ordinary expressions and how connotative proverbs used in the Dagaare text manifest themselves. Proverbs thus identified were read out to users of the text drawn from different denominations in the area to test for naturalness. The study found that majority (50%) of the SL proverbs translated into Dagaare were ‘near natural’; 33% ‘natural’, and the remaining 17% ‘less natural’. This study recommends that, in future reviews of the two Dagaare NT texts, translators and consultants take note of suggestions made so that proverbs/idioms and cultural equivalents that translate more naturally into the language are adopted to enhance the quality of the translation

M. tuberculosis among jail inmates of Ethiopian prisons: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and drug resistance

Background: In the 21st century the advancements of science have broaden our understanding about the pathology, treatment, drug resistance, evolutional phylogeny, population structure and transmission dynamics of the TB bacilli. However, these advancements were not sufficient enough to halt the TB epidemic in many Sub Saharan countries. Especially, the emergence of multi drug resistance tuberculosis has posed a significant threat to global TB control. In Ethiopia, TB is one of the three top killer infectious diseases. It is still the major problem in some pocket geographical areas, refugee camps and prisons. TB in prison was not receiving enough attention in the past years, considering the role prisons are playing in ongoing local TB epidemics. As a result, the burden of TB in Ethiopian prisons was largely obscured. Objective: To determine the epidemiology and risk factors of TB in prisons, together with the population structure, transmission dynamics and drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in Ethiopian prisons. Methodology: A two phases cross sectional study was done between Jan, 2013 and May, 2015. Prisons and communities living in south western, southern and Eastern part of the country were included. In the first phase 13 zonal prisons from Oromia, SNNPRS and Harari were included to determine the magnitude and identify the risk factors for TB in prison. In phase two, all M.tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated in prison and additional 106 control MTBC strains collected from newly diagnosed smear positive TB patients attending selected hospitals at regional states of Oromia, South Nations and Nationalities Peoples, Harari, Somali and Dire Dawa city administration were included. Result: A total of 15,495 inmates were screened by WHO TB screening criteria and 765 suspects were identified. The prevalence of tuberculosis in Ethiopian prison was 458/100.000 inmates. Alcohol consumption, contact with TB patients at home, window availability in prison cells had contributed for the observed prevalence. Furthermore, a total of 11 different lineages/ sub-lineages were identified by combined technique of MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping. The clustering rate of isolates from prison and community was 28.57% and 31.82% respectively, with some strains from prison and communities sharing the same cluster. The predominant genotype was the recently described Ethiopian_H37Rv like with equal distribution between the prison and the community isolates. The MDR prevalence in the community was 2.27% with no difference with that of prison. Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis in Ethiopian prisons is more than twice higher than the population estimate. The diverse population structure and low clustering of MTBC observed in this study has indicated that most of the TB cases in prison and communities were resulted from reactivation of remote infection. The magnitude of MDR in prison as well as community is very worrisome. Hence, The TB control strategy in Ethiopia should be tailored to address MDR and latent infection

M. tuberculosis among jail inmates of Ethiopian prisons: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and drug resistance

Background: In the 21st century the advancements of science have broaden our understanding about the pathology, treatment, drug resistance, evolutional phylogeny, population structure and transmission dynamics of the TB bacilli. However, these advancements were not sufficient enough to halt the TB epidemic in many Sub Saharan countries. Especially, the emergence of multi drug resistance tuberculosis has posed a significant threat to global TB control. In Ethiopia, TB is one of the three top killer infectious diseases. It is still the major problem in some pocket geographical areas, refugee camps and prisons. TB in prison was not receiving enough attention in the past years, considering the role prisons are playing in ongoing local TB epidemics. As a result, the burden of TB in Ethiopian prisons was largely obscured. Objective: To determine the epidemiology and risk factors of TB in prisons, together with the population structure, transmission dynamics and drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in Ethiopian prisons. Methodology: A two phases cross sectional study was done between Jan, 2013 and May, 2015. Prisons and communities living in south western, southern and Eastern part of the country were included. In the first phase 13 zonal prisons from Oromia, SNNPRS and Harari were included to determine the magnitude and identify the risk factors for TB in prison. In phase two, all M.tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated in prison and additional 106 control MTBC strains collected from newly diagnosed smear positive TB patients attending selected hospitals at regional states of Oromia, South Nations and Nationalities Peoples, Harari, Somali and Dire Dawa city administration were included. Result: A total of 15,495 inmates were screened by WHO TB screening criteria and 765 suspects were identified. The prevalence of tuberculosis in Ethiopian prison was 458/100.000 inmates. Alcohol consumption, contact with TB patients at home, window availability in prison cells had contributed for the observed prevalence. Furthermore, a total of 11 different lineages/ sub-lineages were identified by combined technique of MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping. The clustering rate of isolates from prison and community was 28.57% and 31.82% respectively, with some strains from prison and communities sharing the same cluster. The predominant genotype was the recently described Ethiopian_H37Rv like with equal distribution between the prison and the community isolates. The MDR prevalence in the community was 2.27% with no difference with that of prison. Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis in Ethiopian prisons is more than twice higher than the population estimate. The diverse population structure and low clustering of MTBC observed in this study has indicated that most of the TB cases in prison and communities were resulted from reactivation of remote infection. The magnitude of MDR in prison as well as community is very worrisome. Hence, The TB control strategy in Ethiopia should be tailored to address MDR and latent infection

Assessment of Post-Harvest Losses of Major Fruit Crops at East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region

Ethiopia has suitable agro-ecology to grow both temperate and tropical fruit crops. However, fruit production activity is at infant stage in most parts of the country including in Northwestern Ethiopia and both small scale fruit producers and traders have very limited knowledge and skill on fruit production and postharvest handling practices. In this connection high amount of fruit is expected to be wasted due to several inappropriate production and postharvest handling practices.  Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess fruit causes and extent of postharvest losses at Debre Markos.   The study was conducted in April 2017 using semi structured questionnaire. 150 respondents from Farmers, Retailer and Wholesaler were randomly selected among Debre markos and their surrounding fruit Farmers, Retailer and Wholesaler those operating in Debre markos city to obtain information on postharvest losses. The total postharvest loss of fruit at farmer, wholesale and retail level were found to be 24% of which the higher proportion of losses (35%) was observed at retail level while the loss at wholesale and farm levels were 14% and 21%, respectively. Very high losses were observed due to transportation, marketing and postharvest mishandling at market level   Therefore, multifaceted interventions such as capacity development, improved fruit production and harvesting practice, and proper storage and transportation facilities establishment are required to reduce postharvest loss and extend fruit shelf-life. Keywords: Post-harvest, Proximate analysis and wholeseller DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/9-1-0

The Effects Packaging Materials on Post Harvest Quality of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersium)

This experiment was conducted during the year 2016 at Debre Markos University to evaluating the effect of packaging material on the post-harvest quality of tomato fruit.  through packaging treatments. Treatments consisted of Dried straw, Carton, High perforated plastic film, low perforated plastic film and wooden basket(control) and one storage conditions (ambient condition using completely randomized design with three replications. From a local cultivar tomato fruits were evaluated for their shelf life and quality attributes over a storage period of 9 days. packaging in all days significantly improved postharvest quality parameters of tomato fruits tested as a result of reduction of mean temperature by 2.01oC and increase of relative humidity by 5.25 % in the ambient storage conditions. Packaging also reduced weight and maintained fruit quality characters. there was no significant difference among treatments on TSS and pH for all entries. The highest percentage of tomato color account around 26.7 % of red and light red whereas the lowest percentage were record 5 % for those green and turning color.  fruit firmness was exhibited from hard to soft ranges. almost 45 % of tomato tuber exhibited moderate firmness whereas only 5 % from the total tomato fruit exhibited extremely hard and hard texture. This study showed that importance of packaging for considerable number of traits studied and the possibility of selecting appropriate packaging material for tomato fruit for further testing for different post-harvest technologies objectives. Keywords: Total soluble solid, pH and refractomete

Determinants that affect information security awareness and behavior: A systematic literature review

In today’s digital age, it is crucial for all organizations to manage their information systems security. This makes them potentially endangered by actions of employees and users. So there is a need of investing more on security related issues; one of them is giving attention for the human i.e. the social aspect of security. This paper critically analysis the different literatures using a systematic literature review technique using PRISMA search protocol concerning the determinants which most affect information security awareness and behavior. The information security training or education has given more emphasis than behavior and attitude. Then after identifying those determinants, it filters out the areas further study is needed which includes information security knowledge and care. It is determined that employee information security awareness and conduct are highly influenced by information security training, attitude, and behavior. Due to the choice of search criteria and/or databases, some pertinent papers may not have been included in this literature review so as to the study focus on developing nations. The factors that affect employees\u27 information security tasks and initiatives must be determined for future stud