236 research outputs found
One-Shot Labeling for Automatic Relevance Estimation
Dealing with unjudged documents ("holes") in relevance assessments is a
perennial problem when evaluating search systems with offline experiments.
Holes can reduce the apparent effectiveness of retrieval systems during
evaluation and introduce biases in models trained with incomplete data. In this
work, we explore whether large language models can help us fill such holes to
improve offline evaluations. We examine an extreme, albeit common, evaluation
setting wherein only a single known relevant document per query is available
for evaluation. We then explore various approaches for predicting the relevance
of unjudged documents with respect to a query and the known relevant document,
including nearest neighbor, supervised, and prompting techniques. We find that
although the predictions of these One-Shot Labelers (1SL) frequently disagree
with human assessments, the labels they produce yield a far more reliable
ranking of systems than the single labels do alone. Specifically, the strongest
approaches can consistently reach system ranking correlations of over 0.86 with
the full rankings over a variety of measures. Meanwhile, the approach
substantially increases the reliability of t-tests due to filling holes in
relevance assessments, giving researchers more confidence in results they find
to be significant. Alongside this work, we release an easy-to-use software
package to enable the use of 1SL for evaluation of other ad-hoc collections or
systems.Comment: SIGIR 202
RSDD-Time: Temporal Annotation of Self-Reported Mental Health Diagnoses
Self-reported diagnosis statements have been widely employed in studying
language related to mental health in social media. However, existing research
has largely ignored the temporality of mental health diagnoses. In this work,
we introduce RSDD-Time: a new dataset of 598 manually annotated self-reported
depression diagnosis posts from Reddit that include temporal information about
the diagnosis. Annotations include whether a mental health condition is present
and how recently the diagnosis happened. Furthermore, we include exact temporal
spans that relate to the date of diagnosis. This information is valuable for
various computational methods to examine mental health through social media
because one's mental health state is not static. We also test several baseline
classification and extraction approaches, which suggest that extracting
temporal information from self-reported diagnosis statements is challenging.Comment: 6 pages, accepted for publication at the CLPsych workshop at
NAACL-HLT 201
A Neural Attention Model for Categorizing Patient Safety Events
Medical errors are leading causes of death in the US and as such, prevention
of these errors is paramount to promoting health care. Patient Safety Event
reports are narratives describing potential adverse events to the patients and
are important in identifying and preventing medical errors. We present a neural
network architecture for identifying the type of safety events which is the
first step in understanding these narratives. Our proposed model is based on a
soft neural attention model to improve the effectiveness of encoding long
sequences. Empirical results on two large-scale real-world datasets of patient
safety reports demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with significant
improvements over existing methods.Comment: ECIR 201
Characterizing Question Facets for Complex Answer Retrieval
Complex answer retrieval (CAR) is the process of retrieving answers to
questions that have multifaceted or nuanced answers. In this work, we present
two novel approaches for CAR based on the observation that question facets can
vary in utility: from structural (facets that can apply to many similar topics,
such as 'History') to topical (facets that are specific to the question's
topic, such as the 'Westward expansion' of the United States). We first explore
a way to incorporate facet utility into ranking models during query term score
combination. We then explore a general approach to reform the structure of
ranking models to aid in learning of facet utility in the query-document term
matching phase. When we use our techniques with a leading neural ranker on the
TREC CAR dataset, our methods rank first in the 2017 TREC CAR benchmark, and
yield up to 26% higher performance than the next best method.Comment: 4 pages; SIGIR 2018 Short Pape
La gestione dei rifiuti fra strumenti di "command and control" e strumenti economici e finanziari
Nel lavoro di tesi ho analizzato i rimedi giuridici applicati, o potenzialmente applicabili, per garantire una corretta gestione dei rifiuti e, allo stesso tempo, per realizzare l'internalizzazione dei costi ambientali.
Per conseguire questi obiettivi ci sono due categorie si strumenti: gli strumenti di regolamentazione diretta, noti come norme di "comando e controllo" e gli strumenti economici puri.
In una prima fase, la legislazione in materia di rifiuti ha fatto ampio ricorso agli strumenti tradizionali di command and control, al cui studio ho dedicato il primo capitolo del lavoro.
Tuttavia, tali strumenti, per quanto necessari, sono, nella pratica, inefficaci in quanto, come analizzo nel capitolo secondo, sono carenti di adeguati dispositivi di controllo e un apparato sanzionatorio efficace.
A causa delle criticità ora elencate, negli anni più recenti si sono diffuse una certa diffidenza e si è perciò affermato il concetto della necessità di avvalersi, accanto agli strumenti di command and control, di strumenti economici puri.
In tal senso, già nel 1989 l'Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo economico aveva elaborato un documento dal quale si ricavavano almeno quattro categorie di strumenti economici volti alla tutela dell'ambiente, e precisamente: i tributi ambientali, i sussidi, i depositi cauzionali ed i permessi negoziabili.
Dal momento che si tratta di una classificazione ancora valida, ho ricostruito gli strumenti economici vigenti, o comunque potenzialmente applicabili, al fine di garantire una corretta gestione dei rifiuti
Expression and selective up-regulation of toxin-related mono ADP-ribosyltransferases by pathogen-associated molecular patterns in alveolar epithelial cells.
Mono ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) are a family of enzymes related to bacterial toxins that possess adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase activity. We have assessed that A549 constitutively expressed ART1 on the cell surface and shown that lipotheicoic acid (LTA) and flagellin, but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PG) and poly (I:C), up-regulate ART1 in a time and dose dependent manner. These agonists did not alter the expression of ART3 and ART5 genes. Indeed, LTA and flagellin stimulation increased the level of ART1 protein and transcript while ART4 gene was activated after stimulation of cells with LPS, LTA, PAM and PG via TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. These results show that human ARTs possess a differential capacity to respond to bacteria cell wall components and might play a crucial role in innate immune response in airway
SMHD: A Large-Scale Resource for Exploring Online Language Usage for Multiple Mental Health Conditions
Mental health is a significant and growing public health concern. As language
usage can be leveraged to obtain crucial insights into mental health
conditions, there is a need for large-scale, labeled, mental health-related
datasets of users who have been diagnosed with one or more of such conditions.
In this paper, we investigate the creation of high-precision patterns to
identify self-reported diagnoses of nine different mental health conditions,
and obtain high-quality labeled data without the need for manual labelling. We
introduce the SMHD (Self-reported Mental Health Diagnoses) dataset and make it
available. SMHD is a novel large dataset of social media posts from users with
one or multiple mental health conditions along with matched control users. We
examine distinctions in users' language, as measured by linguistic and
psychological variables. We further explore text classification methods to
identify individuals with mental conditions through their language.Comment: COLING 201
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