A FAST MODEL FOR FLOW AND POLLUTANT DISPERSION AT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE

This paper deals with the development of a simple urban model for flow and dispersion in the urban canopy layer (UCL). The flow module of the model calculates spatially-averaged wind profiles adopting a technique recently proposed in the literature, which is based on a balance equation between the obstacle drag force and the local shear stress. Spatially-averaged wind profiles are used as input for a newly proposed dispersion model which solves the advection-diffusion equation at neighbourhood scale. In the model, the effects of the buildings within the UCL are taken into account by means of morphological parameters λf and λp (the ratios of plan area and frontal area of buildings to the lot area). Spatially-averaged mean concentrations output by the developed model are compared with numerical results obtained from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model FLUENT. In particular, two configurations of constant height UCL have been considered, which refer to as λp = λf = 0.16 and λp = λf = 0.44. The originality of the study is that the dispersion model itself integrates the equations without explicitly resolving the flow around individual buildings but still accounts for their effects. The computational costs are much reduced which makes it suitable for the predictions of concentrations over the neighbourhood scale in an operational context

Comparison Between Kidney Transplantation After Circulatory Death and After Brain Death: A Monocentric Retrospective Study After 1 Year of Follow-up

Background: Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is a solid resource to widen the kidney donor pool. Italian activity has grown in the last years with encouraging results. Our center has been active in DCD kidney transplantation (KTX) since November 2017, providing 22.5% of Italian DCD donations in 2018. We present a single-center retrospective analysis after a 1-year follow-up comparing DCD and donation after brain death (DBD) KTX outcomes. Methods: DCD (controlled only) and DBD KTX performed in our center from November 2017 to December 2018 were considered. All DCDs underwent in situ normothermic perfusion with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ex situ hypothermic oxygenated perfusion, and renal biopsy prior to allocation. We considered features of donors and recipients, immunosuppressive regimen, delayed graft function (DGF), primary nonfunction (PNF), graft and patient survival (Kaplan-Meier), creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year. Mean comparison with a Student t test and with \u3c72 test for frequencies were elaborated. Results: Twenty-eight DBD, 18 double (64.3%) and 10 single (35.7%), were performed; 7 DCD, 3 double (42.8%) and 4 single (57.2%), were performed. By comparing single and double KTX, no statistically significant difference was found. We recorded 7 DGFs (25%) in DBD and 1 (14.3%) in the DCD group (P > .99) and no PNF. No graft was lost during the first year. One-year estimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) was, respectively, 62.7 \ub1 25.3 and 54.71 \ub1 14.66 mL/min (P = .25). DBD patient survival rate was 92.8%, DCD was 100%, and Kaplan-Meier was not statistically significant (P = .72). Conclusions: Controlled DCD is a valid resource for KTX, with similar outcomes to DBD. A multidisciplinary donor evaluation, combining clinical, perfusion, and histologic data in the allocation process, allows excellent results

Pseudoscalar and Scalar Meson Photoproduction Interpreted by Regge Phenomenology

We have evaluated pseudoscalar and scalar neutral pion photoproduction in $\vec{\gamma}p\to\pi^0p$ and $\vec{\gamma}p\to a_0^0p$ above the resonance region and within Regge phenomenology. Our fit, including GlueX $\Sigma$ pseudoscalar photoproduction data, shows that previous SLAC $\Sigma$ measurements for $\vec{\gamma}p \to \pi^0p$ above $E_\gamma = 4~\mathrm{GeV}$ are at variance with SLAC data with more recent measurements made by GlueX in vicinity of $E_\gamma = 9~\mathrm{GeV}$. The Regge model predicts that the beam polarization asymmetry $\Sigma$ of the scalar meson is opposite to that of pseudoscalar meson photoproduction, however, the cross sections are similar. While the vector natural parity meson exchange is dominant in both cases, the contribution of the pseudovector unnatural parity meson exchange is very small. Using Regge phenomenology, we predicted high energy behavior for double polarized observables $\mathbb{E}$, $\mathbb{F}$, $\mathbb{G}$, and $\mathbb{H}$ for the reactions $\gamma p\to \pi^0p$ and $\gamma p\to a_0^0p$.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, several small glitches were fixe

Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients assuming oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis: A retrospective multi-hospital-based study of 87 Italian cases

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are currently the chief drugs for the prevention/treatment of osteoporosis; one of their adverse effects is the osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). The primary endpoints of this multi-center cross-sectional study are: i) an observation of the clinical features of BRONJ in 87 osteoporotic, non-cancer patients; and ii) an evaluation of their demographic variables and comorbidities. METHODS: 87 BRONJ patients in therapy for osteoporosis with BPs from 8 participating clinical Italian centers were consecutively identified and studied. After BRONJ diagnosis and staging, comorbidities and data relating to local and drug-related risk factors for BRONJ were collected. RESULTS: 77/87 (88.5%) patients in our sample used alendronate as a BP type; the duration of bisphosphonate therapy ranged from 2 to 200 months, and 51.7% of patients were in treatment for ≤ 38 months (median value). No comorbidities or local risk factors were observed in 17 (19.5%) patients, indicating the absence of cases belonging to BRONJ forms triggered by surgery. BRONJ localization was significantly associated with age: an increased risk of mandible localization (p=0.002; OR=6.36, 95%CI=[1.89; 21.54]) was observed for those over 72 yrs. At multivariate analysis, the increased risk of BRONJ in the mandible for people over 72 yrs (OR'=6.87, 95%CI=[2.13; 2.21]) was confirmed for a BP administration >56 months (OR'=4.82, 95%CI=[2.13; 22.21]). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the fundamental necessity of applying protocols of prevention in order to reduce the incidence of BRONJ in osteoporotic, non-cancer patients in the presence of comorbidities and/or local risk factor as well as, less frequently, in their absence

A FAST MODEL FOR FLOW AND POLLUTANT DISPERSION AT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE

This paper deals with the development of a simple urban model for flow and dispersion in the urban canopy layer (UCL). The flow module of the model calculates spatially-averaged wind profiles adopting a technique recently proposed in the literature, which is based on a balance equation between the obstacle drag force and the local shear stress. Spatially-averaged wind profiles are used as input for a newly proposed dispersion model which solves the advection-diffusion equation at neighbourhood scale. In the model, the effects of the buildings within the UCL are taken into account by means of morphological parameters λf and λp (the ratios of plan area and frontal area of buildings to the lot area). Spatially-averaged mean concentrations output by the developed model are compared with numerical results obtained from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model FLUENT. In particular, two configurations of constant height UCL have been considered, which refer to as λp = λf = 0.16 and λp = λf = 0.44. The originality of the study is that the dispersion model itself integrates the equations without explicitly resolving the flow around individual buildings but still accounts for their effects. The computational costs are much reduced which makes it suitable for the predictions of concentrations over the neighbourhood scale in an operational context

Oncological outcomes in fertility-sparing treatment in stage IA-G2 endometrial cancer

Background: The gold standard treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) is hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) with lymphadenectomy. In selected patients desiring pregnancy, fertility-sparing treatment (FST) can be adopted. Our review aims to collect the most incisive studies about the possibility of conservative management for patients with grade 2, stage IA EC. Different approaches can be considered beyond demolition surgery, such as local treatment with levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine device (LNG-IUD) plus systemic therapy with progestins. Study design: Our systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were consulted, and five studies were chosen based on the following criteria: patients with a histological diagnosis of EC stage IA G2 in reproductive age desiring pregnancy and at least one oncological outcome evaluated. Search imputes were “endometrial cancer” AND “fertility sparing” AND “oncologic outcomes” AND “G2 or stage IA”. Results: A total of 103 patients were included and treated with a combination of LNG-IUD plus megestrol acetate (MA) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plus MPA/MA, hysteroscopic resectoscope (HR), and dilation and curettage (D&C). There is evidence of 70% to 85% complete response after second-round therapy prolongation to 12 months. Conclusions: Conservative measures must be considered temporary to allow pregnancy and subsequently perform specific counseling to adopt surgery. Fertility-sparing management is not the current standard of care for young women with EC. It can be employed for patients with early-stage diseases motivated to maintain reproductive function. Indeed, the results are encouraging, but the sample size must be increased

TM5-FASST: a global atmospheric source–receptor model for rapid impact analysis of emission changes on air quality and short-lived climate pollutants

This paper describes, documents, and validates the TM5-FAst Scenario Screening Tool (TM5-FASST), a global reduced-form air quality source–receptor model that has been designed to compute ambient pollutant concentrations as well as a broad range of pollutant-related impacts on human health, agricultural crop production, and short-lived pollutant climate metrics, taking as input annual pollutant emission data aggregated at the national or regional level. The TM5-FASST tool, providing a trade-off between accuracy and applicability, is based on linearized emission-concentration sensitivities derived with the full chemistry-transport model TM5. The tool has been extensively applied in various recent critical studies. Although informal and fragmented validation has already been performed in various publications, this paper provides a comprehensive documentation of all components of the model and a validation against the full TM5 model. We find that the simplifications introduced in order to generate immediate results from emission scenarios do not compromise the validity of the output and as such TM5-FASST is proven to be a useful tool in science-policy analysis. Furthermore, it constitutes a suitable architecture for implementing the ensemble of source–receptor relations obtained in the frame of the HTAP modelling exercises, thus creating a link between the scientific community and policy-oriented users.</p

Mitochondrial Localization of ABC Transporter ABCG2 and Its Function in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Mediated Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation

Accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in malignant cells is the basis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy. We studied the expression of proteins that possibly affect ALA-mediated PpIX accumulation, namely oligopeptide transporter-1 and -2, ferrochelatase and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2), in several tumor cell lines. Among these proteins, only ABCG2 correlated negatively with ALA-mediated PpIX accumulation. Both a subcellular fractionation study and confocal laser microscopic analysis revealed that ABCG2 was distributed not only in the plasma membrane but also intracellular organelles, including mitochondria. In addition, mitochondrial ABCG2 regulated the content of ALA-mediated PpIX in mitochondria, and Ko143, a specific inhibitor of ABCG2, enhanced mitochondrial PpIX accumulation. To clarify the possible roles of mitochondrial ABCG2, we characterized stably transfected-HEK (ST-HEK) cells overexpressing ABCG2. In these ST-HEK cells, functionally active ABCG2 was detected in mitochondria, and treatment with Ko143 increased ALA-mediated mitochondrial PpIX accumulation. Moreover, the mitochondria isolated from ST-HEK cells exported doxorubicin probably through ABCG2, because the export of doxorubicin was inhibited by Ko143. The susceptibility of ABCG2 distributed in mitochondria to proteinase K, endoglycosidase H and peptide-N-glycosidase F suggested that ABCG2 in mitochondrial fraction is modified by N-glycans and trafficked through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and finally localizes within the mitochondria. Thus, it was found that ABCG2 distributed in mitochondria is a functional transporter and that the mitochondrial ABCG2 regulates ALA-mediated PpIX level through PpIX export from mitochondria to the cytosol

Insights into the deterministic skill of air quality ensembles from the analysis of AQMEII data

© 2016. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ioannis Kioutsioukis, et al, ‘Insights into the deterministic skill of air quality ensembles from the analysis of AQMEII data’, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 16(24): 15629-15652, published 20 December 2016, the version of record is available at doi:10.5194/acp-16-15629-2016 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.Simulations from chemical weather models are subject to uncertainties in the input data (e.g. emission inventory, initial and boundary conditions) as well as those intrinsic to the model (e.g. physical parameterization, chemical mechanism). Multi-model ensembles can improve the forecast skill, provided that certain mathematical conditions are fulfilled. In this work, four ensemble methods were applied to two different datasets, and their performance was compared for ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10). Apart from the unconditional ensemble average, the approach behind the other three methods relies on adding optimum weights to members or constraining the ensemble to those members that meet certain conditions in time or frequency domain. The two different datasets were created for the first and second phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII). The methods are evaluated against ground level observations collected from the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) and AirBase databases. The goal of the study is to quantify to what extent we can extract predictable signals from an ensemble with superior skill over the single models and the ensemble mean. Verification statistics show that the deterministic models simulate better O3 than NO2 and PM10, linked to different levels of complexity in the represented processes. The unconditional ensemble mean achieves higher skill compared to each station's best deterministic model at no more than 60 % of the sites, indicating a combination of members with unbalanced skill difference and error dependence for the rest. The promotion of the right amount of accuracy and diversity within the ensemble results in an average additional skill of up to 31 % compared to using the full ensemble in an unconditional way. The skill improvements were higher for O3 and lower for PM10, associated with the extent of potential changes in the joint distribution of accuracy and diversity in the ensembles. The skill enhancement was superior using the weighting scheme, but the training period required to acquire representative weights was longer compared to the sub-selecting schemes. Further development of the method is discussed in the conclusion.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio