Polypropylene degrading actinobacteria

La acumulación de polímeros sintéticos es un gran problema de contaminación ambiental, ya que no existen métodos eficientes para su eliminación segura; sin embargo, hay evidencias sobre su degradación por actinobacterias. En este trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de degradación de actinobacterias aisladas de suelo del vertedero de Bariloche, sobre tres biopolímeros y un polímero sintético. Por un lado, se estudió la degradación de polímeros naturales (almidón, hemicelulosa, celulosa) en medio sólido, y por otro el otro se evaluó la degradación de láminas de polipropileno inoculadas con los aislamientos y cultivadas en medio líquido durante seis semanas a 37 ºC. Luego se midió la pérdida de peso en las láminas y se estudió la colonización de la superficie del polipropileno mediante microscopia óptica y electrónica. Los datos fueron analizados con un ANOVA de dos vías y la prueba de Tukey. De los 35 aislamientos totales, el 88 % correspondió al género Streptomyces y el 3 % a los demás géneros (Actinomadura, Pseudonocardia, Saccharomonospora y Thermoactinomyces). El 63 % de los aislamientos tuvo la capacidad de degradar almidón, el 86 % hemicelulosa, el 34 % celulosa microcristalina (exoglucanasas) y el 88 % carboximetilcelulosa (endoglucanasas). Se observó colonización de la superficie de polipropileno en todos los tratamientos. Dos de las cepas estudiadas (Streptomyces sp. MP32 y Actinomadura sp. MP5) redujeron el peso de las láminas de polipropileno (p ≤ 0.05). Estos resultados preliminares muestran la capacidad de las actinobacterias para colonizar la superficie del polipropileno, con potencial uso en suelos o ambientes contaminados por plásticos.The accumulation of synthetic polymers is a great environmental contamination issue, since there are no efficient methods to dispose them safely; however, there is evidence about the degradation of plastics by actinobacteria. In this work we tested the degradation capacity of tree biopolymers and a synthetic polymer by actinobacteria isolated from the soil of a landfill in Bariloche. On the one hand, we studied the degradation of natural polymers (starch, hemicellulose, cellulose) in a solid medium, and on the other hand, we studied the degradation of polypropylene sheets inoculated with the isolates and cultured in liquid medium for six weeks at 37 ºC. We then measured weight loss in the sheets and studied colonization of the polypropylene surface using light and electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Of the 35 total isolates, 88 % corresponded to the Streptomyces genus and 3 % to the rest of genera (Actinomadura, Pseudonocardia, Saccharomonospora and Thermoactinomyces). Of the isolates, 63 % were able to degrade starch, 86 % hemicellulose, 34 % microcrystalline cellulose (exoglucanases), and 88% carboxymethyl cellulose (endoglucanases). Colonization of the polypropylene surface was observed in all treatments. Two of the strains studied, Streptomyces sp. MP32 and Actinomadura sp. MP5 reduced the weight of the polypropylene sheets (p ≤ 0.05). These preliminary results show the ability of actinobacteria to colonize the polypropylene surface, with potential use in soils or environments contaminated by synthetic polymers.Fil: Boenel, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Vobis, Gernot. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Solans, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Análisis y caracterización de poblaciones bacterianas solubilizadoras de P en un ensayo de larga duración con diferentes secuencias de cultivo

Se conoce bien que diferentes sistemas de uso y manejos de suelos afectan la abundancia, la actividad y la composición de la comunidad microbiana del suelo. En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento de las poblaciones bacterianas cultivables y, en particular, las bacterias solubilizadoras de P (BSP) en muestras de suelo provenientes de un ensayo de larga duración con diferentes secuencias de cultivo. Los resultados obtenidos ponen en evidencia que el desmonte y el uso agrícola posterior luego de 11 años generó una disminución de la población de bacterias cultivables en general, y de las bacterias solubilizadoras de P en particular, con respecto al suelo prístino. Se obtuvieron aislamientos con una alta eficiencia de solubilización de P de los suelos provenientes de las diferentes rotaciones. Estos aislamientos eficientes se clasificaron taxonómicamente particular, la caracterización de los sobrenadantes de cultivos de los aislamientos Pseudomonas koreensis y Paenibacillus pabuli mostraron que son productoras de ácidos orgánicos. Los ensayos de inoculación combinada de estas dos cepas sobre plantas de maíz en cámara de cultivo pusieron de manifiesto un efecto sinérgico sobre la promoción del crecimiento de esta especie. Los resultados aquí presentados sugieren que si bien las poblaciones de BSP son más numerosas en suelos prístinos, determinadas rotaciones de cultivos a largo plazo favorecen el incremento de bacterias solubilizadoras más eficientes, un aspecto que debería tenerse en cuenta al diseñar futuras estrategias de búsqueda de potenciales bioinoculantes.It is well known that different soil use and management systems affect the abundance, activity and composition of the soil microbial community. In this work, the behavior of cultivable bacterial populations and, in particular, P (PSB) solubilizing bacteria in soil samples from a long-term trial with different culture sequences was studied. The results obtained show that the clearing and subsequent agricultural use after 11 years generated a decrease in the population of cultivable bacteria in general, and of P-solubilizing bacteria in particular, with respect to the pristine soil. Isolates with high P solubilization efficiency were obtained from the soils from the different rotations. These efficient isolates were taxonomically classified by 16S RNA analysis as belonging to the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. In particular, the characterization of the culture supernatants of the isolates Pseudomonas koreensis and Paenibacillus pabuli showed they are producers of organic acids. The combined inoculation tests of these two strains on maize plants in a culture chamber revealed a synergistic effect on the growth promotion of this species. The results presented here suggest that although PSB populations are more numerous in pristine soils, certain long-term crop rotations favor the increase of more efficient solubilizing bacteria, an aspect that should be considered when designing future search strategies for potential bioinoculants.Fil: Rorig, Marcela Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Analía Mercedes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Frasier, Ileana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Setten, Lorena María. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Otero Estrada, Edit. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Solans, Mariana. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Scervino, José M. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Grasso, Daniel Horacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentin

Inoculation with Native Actinobacteria May Improve Desert Plant Growth and Survival with Potential Use for Restoration Practices

Soil microorganisms, together with water, play a key role in arid ecosystems, being responsible for the nutrient cycle, facilitating nutrient incorporation into plants, influencing plant drought tolerance, and enhancing their establishment. Therefore, their use for restoration practices is promising. We tested the potential of native strains of Actinobacteria from Monte Desert as growth promoters of native vegetation, isolating them from two substrates from their habitat (bare soil and leaf-cutting ant refuse dumps). Strains were inoculated into the soil where seedlings of three native plant species (Atriplex lampa, Grindelia chiloensis, Gutierrezia solbrigii) were growing. Seedlings were grown following a full factorial design experiment under greenhouse and field conditions comparing native Actinobacteria effects with a known growth-promoting strain, Streptomyces sp. (BCRU-MM40 GenBank accession number: FJ771041), and control treatments. Seedlings survived greenhouse condition but species survival and growth were different among treatments at field conditions, varying over time. The highest survival was observed in a native soil strain (S20) while the lowest in MM40. The low survival in MM40 and in the other treatments may be explained by the higher herbivory observed in those seedlings compared to control ones, suggesting a higher nutritional status in inoculated plants. Strains from refuse dumps were the best at enhancing seedling growth, while strains from soil were the best at maintaining their survival. Native Actinobacteria studied may increase plant species survival and growth by improving their nutritional status, suggesting their potential to facilitate vegetation establishment and, therefore, being good candidates for restoration practices. Furthermore, plant species respond differently to different strains, highlighting the importance of microorganism diversity for ecosystem functioning.Fil: Solans, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Pelliza, Yamila Ivón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: Tadey, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentin

Effect of actinobacteria on Lotus tenuis: Mesorhizobium loti symbiosis: preliminary study

The effect of the actinobacteria on the legume Lotus tenuis, a model forage plant of the Flooding Pampa region in Argentina was to promote plant growth and root nodulation. L. tenuis seedlings were inoculated either with the symbiotic N2-fixing strain Mesorhizobium loti, or with saprophytic strain of Streptomyces MM40, Actinoplanes ME3, or Micromonospora MM18, or co-inoculated with a combination of one, two or three of them, together with the rhizobium. The plants were grown in pouches and fertilized with three nitrogen levels (low, medium and high). L. tenuis plants co-inoculated with the symbiotic M. loti and actinobacteria showed an increase in plant biomass and nodulation. Plants fertilized with high N levels (inhibitory for nodulation by M. loti) were nodulated if the M. loti strain was added simultaneously with actinobacteria. These preliminary results show that actinobacteria have potential agronomic application which should be further explored.Fil: Solans, Mariana. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Wall, Luis Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Investigación en Interacciones Biológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Effect of yeast and mycorrhizae inoculation on tomato production under normal and water stress conditions

The integration of beneficial microorganisms into agricultural systems can improve crop resistance to stress and increase yields. We studied tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in a greenhouse experimental trial over a complete growing season. The experimental design involved three factors: irrigation condition (normal/low), addition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Funneliformis mosseae (with/without), and inoculation with four native soil yeasts (Candida aff. ralunensis; Candida sake; Lachancea nothofagi and Candida oleophila). Co-inoculation of F. mosseae and yeasts did not affect the tomato plants. Addition of F. mosseae increased mycorrhizal colonization and production variables regardless of irrigation level; however, its effects on growth were variable. None of the inoculated yeasts increased mycorrhizal colonization. C. aff. ralunensis and C. oleophila inoculation increased stem diameter under all conditions studied. C. aff. ralunensis inoculation enhanced fruit set and the fruit/flower ratio under normal irrigation conditions, while C. sake inoculation increased the fruit/flower ratio under low irrigation conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizae inoculation is presented as a beneficial production strategy to increase plant tolerance and improve water use. We propose that C. aff. ralunensis and C. oleophila inoculation improves plant vigor. Highlights: Tomato production under greenhouse conditions was studied during a complete growing season following a three-factor trial: irrigation condition (normal/low), addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and inoculation with four native soil yeasts. Addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal increased mycorrhizal colonization and production variables regardless of irrigation level. Inoculation with two of the yeasts studied increased stem diameter under all conditions studied. Utilizing indigenous microorganisms could represent a promising alternative to external inoculants, potentially cutting down production costs and eliminating the necessity of introducing foreign microorganisms into the environment.The integration of beneficial microorganisms into agricultural systems can improve crop resistance to stress and increase yields. We studied tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in a greenhouse experimental trial over a complete growing season. The experimental design involved three factors: irrigation condition (normal/low), addition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Funneliformis mosseae (with/without), and inoculation with four native soil yeasts (Candida aff. ralunensis; Candida sake; Lachancea nothofagi and Candida oleophila). Co-inoculation of F. mosseae and yeasts did not affect the tomato plants. Addition of F. mosseae increased mycorrhizal colonization and production variables regardless of irrigation level; however, its effects on growth were variable. None of the inoculated yeasts increased mycorrhizal colonization. C. aff. ralunensis and C. oleophila inoculation increased stem diameter under all conditions studied. C. aff. ralunensis inoculation enhanced fruit set and the fruit/flower ratio under normal irrigation conditions, while C. sake inoculation increased the fruit/flower ratio under low irrigation conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizae inoculation is presented as a beneficial production strategy to increase plant tolerance and improve water use. We propose that C. aff. ralunensis and C. oleophila inoculation improves plant vigor. Highlights: Tomato production under greenhouse conditions was studied during a complete growing season following a three-factor trial: irrigation condition (normal/low), addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and inoculation with four native soil yeasts. Addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal increased mycorrhizal colonization and production variables regardless of irrigation level. Inoculation with two of the yeasts studied increased stem diameter under all conditions studied. Utilizing indigenous microorganisms could represent a promising alternative to external inoculants, potentially cutting down production costs and eliminating the necessity of introducing foreign microorganisms into the environment

Ochetophila-infective Frankia colonization patterns of volcanic ash in Patagonia

Frankia actinobacteria occur in northwest Patagonian steppe soils and form nitrogen-fixing actinorhizal symbiotic root nodules with Ochetophila trinervis (Rhamnaceae). Soil disturbances affect soilborne Frankia, reducing the likelihood of establishing symbiosis, as found for Pinus ponderosa plantations in the region. The effect on local actinorhizal symbionts of other kinds of disturbance such as the ash that was deposited by the eruption of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle (PCC) volcanic complex was unknown. We studied the initial succession steps for the Frankia colonization process and the soil change that might affect the establishment of symbiosis as a result of the combined action of volcanic ash deposition and P. ponderosa afforestation by comparing pre- and post-eruption time points. We collected soil and ash samples at three depths to use in plant bioassays with O. trinervis. These samples were also used to determine chemical properties (soil and ashes) and elemental composition (soil). Infective Frankia gradually colonized the ash deposited in steppe soils via soil legacy and immigration. The higher nodulation frequency found in plants inoculated with buried soil and deep ash than in plants inoculated with surface ash suggests that the colonization process was mainly due to soil legacy, but also, though at a slower rate, to immigration of Frankia from elsewhere. Nevertheless, the colonization process seemed to be hindered by the pine plantation establishment processes. C, N and P increased over time, favoring the establishment of Frankia and therefore the nodulation capacity of ash. The chemical and elemental characteristics of soils under natural vegetation seemed to be closer to pre-eruptive conditions than those of soils under the afforestation, and to favor nodulation capacity. The combination of ash deposition and the pine plantation appeared to have the strongest effect in impairing the restoration of previous conditions for the establishment of symbiosis with Frankia.Fil: Solans, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Bernardi, Guillermo Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Raffaele, Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: Chaia, Eugenia Esther. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Effect of Pinus ponderosa afforestation on soilborne Frankia and saprophytic Actinobacteria in Northwest Patagonia, Argentina

Large areas in the extra-Andean region in the forest - steppe ecotone in “Northwestern Argentinean Patagonia” have been replaced by plantations of the exotic conifer Pinus ponderosa which modify soils physical and chemical factors and alter the biodiversity. Considering that in the region occur saprophytic soilborne actinobacteria that play important role as the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) in symbiosis with native plant species and the production of bioactive molecules in plants rhizosphere, we aimed to study the effect of the plantation on the abundance of the N2 fixer Frankia and on the genus diversity of cultivable rhizospheric actinobacteria. The study was performed with soils of six paired sites with pine plantations and natural neighbor areas (including steppes or shrublands). Abundance of infective Frankia was estimated by evaluating the nodulation capacity of soils, through a plant bioassay using Ochetophila trinervis as trap plant. Isolation trials for saprophytic actinobacteria were performed by applying chemotactic and successive soils dilutions methods. We concluded that P. ponderosa afforestation affect soil actinobacteria. This was mainly evidenced by a decrease in the Frankia nodulation capacity in O. trinervis, which was related to plantation age, to lower soil carbon and nitrogen content, higher available phosphorus, and to a slight decrease in soils pH. Pine plantation influence on the cultivable saprophytic actinobacteria was less clear. The study highlights the importance of soils as source of Frankia and rhizospheric actinobacteria in relation to disturbance caused by pine plantation in natural environments with native actinorhizal plant species.Fil: Arancibia, Natalia B.. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Solans, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Mestre, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales.; ArgentinaFil: Chaia, Eugenia Esther. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Actinomicetes cultivables asociados a microecosistemas liqu\ue9nicos de la selva templada valdiviana, Argentina

Se aislaron veintitrés (23) cepas de actinomicetes cultivables de la especie corticícola Pseudocyphellaria berberina presente en la selva templada valdiviana, Argentina, veitiún (21) fueron endoliquénicas y dos (2) ectoliquénicas. Se identificaton diecisiete (17) cepas de los géneros, Actinoplanes (2), Dactylosporangium (1), aff. Pseudonocardia (1), Micromonospora (6), aff. Micromonospora (1), Streptomyces (5) y Streptosporangium (1). Este es el primer registro para la Argentina de actinomicetes aislados de hongos liquenizados.Cultivable actinomycetes associated to lichenized microecosystems from the temperate Valdivian rainforests, Argentina. Twenty-three (23) cultivable strains of actinomycetes were isolated from the corticolous lichen species Pseudocyphellaria berberina present in the Valdivian temperate rainforest, Argentina, being twenty-one (21) endolichenic and two (2) ectolichenic. Seventeen (17) strains were identified as belonging to genera Actinoplanes (2), Dactylosporangium (1), aff. Pseudonocardia (1), Micromonospora (6), aff. Micromonospora (1) and Streptomyces (5), Streptosporangoium (1). This is the first record of actinomycetes isolated from lichenized fungi for Argentina.Fil: Scervino, Jose Martin. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Messuti, Maria Ines. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Solans, Mariana. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Vobis, Gernot. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin