TURKEY BEYOND CAP: AGRO-FOOD COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH EMILIA-ROMAGNA

The objective of this paper is to analyse the role that European countries’ institutional relations and economic policies have in improving the competitiveness, sustainable development and structural adjustments of farms and agro-food economy in Turkey by supporting sustainable and long-lasting foreign agricultural commercial relations. In particular, the paper analyses the case study of Turkey and Emilia-Romagna region agro-food economic trade and the institutional relations developed within a political and institutional framework of actions over the last decade showing how these initiatives have contributed to enhance the role of Turkey as an increasingly important trade partner country. The paper concludes that future CAP budget constraints should lead to a forward looking European enlargement policy towards candidate countries with agriculture oriented economies aiming at supporting agro-food economic relations and eventually a diminishing role of direct CAP support.Agro-Food Policy, Turkey, International Trade, Cap, Enlargement, Agricultural and Food Policy, Political Economy, Q10, Q18,

Çocuk hastalarda panoramik radyografilerde yaş ve cinsiyet tayininde morfometrik ölçümlerin kullanımının farklı yaş tespit metotları ile karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi

Age estimation is an important issue in forensic anthropology and odontology. The most commonly used techniques for age and gender determination are methods of evaluating dental and bone development. Over the years, several methods have been developed to assess which one predicts more accurately the chronological age. The objective of the present study was to compare the accuracy of the morphometric measurements of the mandible and Demirjian, Willems, Nolla, Cameriere methods for dental age and gender determination on digital panoramic x-rays in 296 Turkish children aged 5-14 years. In this retrospective study, 885 panoramic x-rays were analyzed after ethical approval. From these, 296 clear panoramic x-rays were selected for the study. The gender and chronological age of each patient were recorded. Maximum ramus width, minimum ramus width, condylar height, coronoid height, gonial angle, bigonial width, and projective height of ramus were measured. Demirjian, Willems, Nolla, and Cameriere methods were used as a dental age estimation method. Measurements were made by a blinded observer who did not know the age and gender of the patients, and all measurements were repeated three times. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA). To determine the age of children from morphometric measurements, age was taken as a dependent variable and multiple linear regression analysis was applied. Whether the data were homogeneously distributed or not was evaluated by using the Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test. As a result of this test, the data showing normal distribution were evaluated statistically with the paired sample t-test, and the data not showing normal distribution were statistically evaluated with Wilcoxon's test. Comparison tests were used for descriptive statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, etc.). The results were evaluated at the 95% confidence interval, at the p0.05 statistical significance level. According to the results of the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in bigonial width between boys and girls (p0.05). Bigonial width was found to be statistically significantly different according to both gender and dentition periods (p0.05). From the mandibular morphometric measurements, it was observed that all parameters increased with age, except for the gonial angle. It was determined that right maximum condyle height, bigonial width, left gonial angle, left maximum condyle height could be used for age determination. It was observed that the use of morphometric measurements was appropriate for age determination in girls, and the Nolla method was determined as the most reliable method for the dental age estimation in girls. It was determined that the most appropriate age determination method in boys was the Cameriere method. It was observed that it was appropriate to use morphometric measurements in age determination in mixed and permanent dentition. It was determined that the Willems method in the mixed dentition and the Cameriere method in the permanent dentition were appropriate methods for determining dental age. It was observed that the reliability of age estimation methods used in the present study in Turkish children showed differences according to age groups, gender, and dentition. It was determined that age determination with metric measurements was more reliable than the methods based on tooth development. It is concluded that further prospective studies with more individuals with known ethnic origins are needed. Keywords; Forensic odontology; Age estimation; Dental age; Mandible morphometric measurements; Bigonial widthYaş tayini, adli antropolojide ve adli diş hekimliğinde oldukça önemlidir. Cinsiyet ve yaş tayininde diş ve kemik gelişiminin değerlendirildiği yöntemler sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Literatürde kronolojik yaşa en yakın sonucun elde edilmesine yönelik farklı yöntemlerin karşılaştırıldığı birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; 5-14 yaş arası 296 çocuk hastaya ait dijital panoramik radyografilerde; mandibulaya ait morfometrik ölçümlerin ve diş yaşı tayin yöntemlerinden Demirjian, Willems, Nolla ve Cameriere yöntemlerinin yaş ve cinsiyet tayininde güvenilirliklerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, 885 adet çocuk hastaya ait panoramik radyografi görüntüleri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Dijital panoramik radyografiler etik onay alındıktan sonra değerlendirildi ve çalışmaya net olan 296 adet panoramik radyografi dahil edildi. Hastaların cinsiyeti ve kronolojik yaşı kaydedildi. Çalışmada morfometrik ölçümlerden mandibulada maksimum ramus genişliği, minimum ramus genişliği, kondil yüksekliği, koronoid yüksekliği, gonial açı, bigonial genişlik ve izdüşümsel ramus yüksekliği ölçüldü. Diş yaşı tayinlerinde; Demirjian, Willems, Nolla ve Cameriere yöntemleri kullanıldı. Ölçümler yaş ve cinsiyet verilerini bilmeyen bir gözlemci tarafından yapıldı. Tüm ölçümler üç kez tekrarlandı. Çalışmada elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi SPSS 22.0 programı (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA) kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Morfometrik ölçümlerden çocukların yaşını tayin edebilmek için yaş, bağımlı değişken olarak alındı ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi uygulandı. Verilerin homojen olarak dağılıp dağılmadığı Kolmogorov Smirnov normallik testi yapılarak değerlendirildi. Bu test sonucu normal dağılım gösteren veriler eşleştirilmiş örneklem t testi ile, normal dağılım göstermeyen veriler de istatistiksel olarak Wilcoxon testi ile değerlendirildi. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler (minimum, maksimum, ortalama, standart sapma, vb.) için karşılaştırma testleri kullanıldı. Sonuçlar %95 güven aralığında, p0,05 istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyinde değerlendirildi. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, kız ve erkekler arasında bigonial genişliğin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği tespit edildi (p0,05). Hem cinsiyete göre hem de dişlenme dönemlerine göre bigonial genişliğin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklı olduğu bulundu (p0,05). Mandibuler morfometrik ölçümlerden gonial açı dışında, tüm parametrelerin yaşla birlikte artış gösterdiği izlendi. Sağ maksimum kondil yüksekliği, bigonial genişlik, sol gonial açı, sol maksimum kondil yüksekliğinin yaş tayininde kullanılabileceği saptandı. Kızların yaş tayininde morfometrik ölçümlerin kullanılmasının uygun olduğu, diş yaşı tayin yöntemleri arasında kronolojik yaşa en yakın sonucu Nolla yönteminin verdiği gözlendi. Erkeklerde en uygun yaş tayin yönteminin Cameriere yöntemi olduğu saptandı. Karışık ve daimi dişlenme dönemlerinin yaş tayininde morfometrik ölçümlerin kullanılmasının uygun olduğu izlendi. Karışık dişlenme döneminde diş yaşı tayin yöntemleri arasında Willems yönteminin, daimi dişlenme döneminde de Cameriere yönteminin kullanılmasının uygun olduğu tespit edildi. Çalışmamızda kullanılan yaş tayin yöntemlerinin Türk çocuklarındaki güvenilirliğinin, yaş gruplarına, cinsiyete ve dişlenme dönemine göre farklılık gösterdiği gözlendi. Metrik ölçümler ile yapılan yaş tayininin diş gelişimine dayanan yöntemlerden daha güvenilir sonuç verdiği saptandı. Gelecekte etnik kökeni bilinen daha çok sayıda bireyi içeren ileriye dönük çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir

Are Oral Health Conditions Associated with Schoolchildren's Performance and School Attendance?

Aim: To examine the relationship between children's oral health-related quality of life and their academic achievement and school attendance.Materials and Methods: Data was gathered from the answers to a structured questionnaire from 150 children aged 7-12 years. Their demographic data, the children's/parents' oral health conditions, their academic performance/school absenteeism, and their intraoral examination outcomes were recorded via a structured questionnaire. The Silness ; toe plaque index was used to assess their dental plaque scores and DMFT/DMFS, dmft/dmfs indices according to the WHO criteria were used to determine their dental caries scores. Results: The mean age of the 150 pediatric patients [72 girls (48%) and 78 boys (52%)] was 9.23 +/- 1.44 years. Due to dental care-related issues, 82% of schoolchildren missed less than two weeks, and 18% missed more than two weeks of school. Furthermore, 21% of these missed days were related to toothache or infections, and 34% were due to going to dental treatment appointments. The association between nail biting and hard object biting and the school achievement of the children was shown to be statistically significant (p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). According to the results of the present study, it was determined that school absenteeism was higher in those children who needed dental treatment. It was also observed that there was a negative correlation between school absenteeism and academic success (p=0.01).Conclusion: Dental problems can cause school-aged children to be absent from school and affect their school performance negatively

TURKEY BEYOND CAP: AGRO-FOOD COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH EMILIA-ROMAGNA

The objective of this paper is to analyse the role that European countries’ institutional relations and economic policies have in improving the competitiveness, sustainable development and structural adjustments of farms and agro-food economy in Turkey by supporting sustainable and long-lasting foreign agricultural commercial relations. In particular, the paper analyses the case study of Turkey and Emilia-Romagna region agro-food economic trade and the institutional relations developed within a political and institutional framework of actions over the last decade showing how these initiatives have contributed to enhance the role of Turkey as an increasingly important trade partner country. The paper concludes that future CAP budget constraints should lead to a forward looking European enlargement policy towards candidate countries with agriculture oriented economies aiming at supporting agro-food economic relations and eventually a diminishing role of direct CAP support