Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and inoculation media in the yield on cooksfoot yield

Objetives: To determine the effect of three PGPB bacteria (Ewingella americana, Bacillus simplex y Microbacterium ginsengiterrae) and three inoculant methods (digestate, compost and cornstarch) on yield, plant height, leaf temperature, tiller density and morphological composition of cooksfoot. Desing/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design was used, with a factorial arrangement 4*3, the experimental units being a pot with five stems. Results: The dry matter did not register difference between treatments with bacteria (P>0.05), but with respect to the control the values increased up to 50%. Compost and digestate media outperformed cornstarch by 22%. The inoculation media had an effect (P<0.05) on the yield and leaf, while the bacteria promoted the formation of new tillers, the yield and reduced the leaf temperature. Findings/conclusions: Compost and digestate as inoculation media can notably favor the beneficial effect of M. ginsengiterrae, which was the one that registered the best yieldsObjective: To determine the effect of three PGPB bacteria (Ewingella americana, Bacillus simplex and Microbacterium ginsengiterrae) and three inoculation media (digestate, compost and cornstarch) on plant height, leaf temperature, stalkdensity, morphological composition, and dry matter yield of orchard grass.Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized design was used, with a factorial arrangement 4X3, the experimental units being a pot with five initial stalks.Results: The dry matter did not show difference between treatments with bacteria (P>0.05), but the control the values increased up to 50%. Compost and digestate media outperformed cornstarch by 22%. The inoculation media had an effect(P?0.05) on the yield and leaf variables, while the bacteria promoted the formation of new stalks and the production of  biomass, and reduced the leaf temperature.Findings/Conclusions: Compost and digestate as inoculation media can notably favor the beneficial effect of M. ginsengiterrae, which was the one that registered the best yield

Perenial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) yield as a response to fitoregulators produced in digestates

Objective: Determine the effect on ballico perenne (Lolium perenne) in response to phytoregulators produced in digestates obtained from the anaerobic digestion of cow manure at different initial pH values. Design / methodology: Anaerobic digestions of cow manure were mounted at different initial pH values: 5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 at 4, 8 and 20 days of digestion; gibberellic acid (AG3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) were quantified. These digestates were applied in pots: in plants of ballico with 6 months of established, applying all the digestates and in plants of ballico of 45 days of established with digestates at 4 days of digestion. The variables measured were height, fresh and dry matter and number of stems. Results: The initial pH of the digestion influenced the production of phytoregulators, being higher at pH 5.5 and 6.5; no IAA production was recorded at basic pH. The application of the digestates had a different effect according to the age of the pasture, this was greater in the leaf weight variable, in 6 months ballico plants the increase was between 21 and 24%; in 45 days ballico plants it was 48 to 115% higher compared to the control. Likewise, there were between 50 and 60% greater number of stems than in the control, applying digestate at 4 days of digestion. Limitations / implications: The study was carried out in ballico perenne, it would be interesting to evaluate it in other crops. Findings / Conclusions: The initial pH of the manure has a greater effect on the properties of the digestate than the digestion time. Digestates can be a good fertilizer for ballico perenne, its effect is better in young grasses. The digestate even with only 4 days of digestion has a positive effect on the development of ryegrass.Objective: To assess the effect on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as a response tophytoregulators produced in digestates obtained from the anaerobic digestion of cow manure, at different initial Ph.Design / methodology: Anaerobic cow manure digestions were set up at differentinitial 5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 pH values and 4, 8 and 20 days of digestion, from these, gibberellic acid (AG 3 ) and indole acetic acid (IAA) were quantified. Thesedigestates were applied to ryegrass grown in containers: on 6 months pasturesapplying all the digestates and in 45 days pastures digestates at 4 days of digestion. The assessed variables were height, fresh and dry weight and number of. The control was developed on unfertilized soil. Results: The initial pH of the digestion influenced the production ofphytoregulators, being higher at pH 5.5 and 6.5; no IAA production was recorded atbasic pH. The application of the digestates had a different effect depending on thepastures age, was greater on the leaf weight variable. In 6 months pastures the increase was between 21 and 24%, in young pastures from 48 to 115% respect to the control. Likewise, there were between 50 and 60% greater number of stems than in the control, applying digestate at 4 days of digestion.Limitations / Implications: The study took place on ryegrass, it would be of interest in the area to evaluate it in other crops .Findings / Conclusions: The initial manure pH has a higher effect on the digestates properties the those of the time of digestion. Digestates can be a fertilizer for ryegrass, its effect is better in young grasses. The digestate even with 4 days of digestion has a positive effect on ryegrass development

Optimization of Enzymatic Biochemical Logic for Noise Reduction and Scalability: How Many Biocomputing Gates Can Be Interconnected in a Circuit?

We report an experimental evaluation of the "input-output surface" for a biochemical AND gate. The obtained data are modeled within the rate-equation approach, with the aim to map out the gate function and cast it in the language of logic variables appropriate for analysis of Boolean logic for scalability. In order to minimize "analog" noise, we consider a theoretical approach for determining an optimal set for the process parameters to minimize "analog" noise amplification for gate concatenation. We establish that under optimized conditions, presently studied biochemical gates can be concatenated for up to order 10 processing steps. Beyond that, new paradigms for avoiding noise build-up will have to be developed. We offer a general discussion of the ideas and possible future challenges for both experimental and theoretical research for advancing scalable biochemical computing

Analysis of mitochondrial genetic diversity of <i>Ustilago maydis</i> in Mexico

<p>The current understanding of the genetic diversity of the phytopathogenic fungus <i>Ustilago maydis</i> is limited. To determine the genetic diversity and structure of <i>U. maydis</i>, 48 fungal isolates were analyzed using mitochondrial simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Tumours (corn smut or ‘huitlacoche’) were collected from different Mexican states with diverse environmental conditions. Using bioinformatic tools, five microsatellites were identified within intergenic regions of the <i>U. maydis</i> mitochondrial genome. SSRMUM4 was the most polymorphic marker. The most common repeats were hexanucleotides. A total of 12 allelic variants were identified, with a mean of 2.4 alleles per locus. An estimate of the genetic diversity using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the highest variance component is within states (84%), with moderate genetic differentiation between states (16%) (<i>F</i>_ST= 0.158). A dendrogram generated using the unweighted paired-grouping method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and the Bayesian analysis of population structure grouped the <i>U. maydis</i> isolates into two subgroups (<i>K</i> = 2) based on their shared SSRs.</p