Diseño de un respondedor pasivo para un radar armónico de detección de objetos enterrados en nieve

El presente proyecto se basa en el sistema actual de búsqueda de víctimas de avalanchas conocido como Recco con el fin último de incrementar el número de rescates con éxito en este tipo de accidentes. Para ello nos proponemos ensayar un tipo de antena de parche que pueda ser útil para futuras mejoras del dicho sistema abriendo así una nueva línea de investigación. El principal objetivo es conseguir una unidad de microondas para las frecuencias de 0,9 GHz y 1,8 GHz, para ello usaremos un tipo de antena de parche con alimentación por acoplo de proximidad sobre tecnología de circuito impreso. Además de la antena añadiremos un circuido doblador, basando el conjunto en el funcionamiento tipo radar armónico autónomo, el cual, con una sola antena y sin alimentación externa para la electrónica implicada es capaz de recibir en f0 y transmitir en 2f0 simultáneamente. El PFC se dividirá en dos partes claramente diferenciadas, correspondientes a los dos bloques anteriormente descritos, la antena y el circuito. Para cada uno de los bloques se seguirán prácticamente los mismos pasos que serán los habituales en este tipo de estudios. A partir de unas especificaciones y un catálogo de componentes dadas obtendremos el diseño (dimensiones, formas, conexiones, etc.) que más se ajusten a los requerimientos previos. A continuación, llevaremos las dimensiones y valores obtenidos al software de simulación CST para la antena y Microwave Office para el circuito para comprobar y optimizar en caso que sea necesario, para obtener una respuesta lo mas fiel posible. Después de todos estos pasos diseñaremos los fotolitos para a continuación obtener las placas de circuito impreso. Montaremos el circuito físico y una vez montado, comprobaremos el funcionamiento mediante el uso de diferentes analizadores en pruebas en cámara anecoica.This Project deals with the improvement of the nowadays rescue systems used with avalanche victims. The final goal is to increase the number of success rescues in these kind of mountain accidents. The technology used is based in autonomous harmonic radar which, with just a single antenna and no external power is able to receive at f0 and transmit at 2f0 at the same time. This project deals with the study of the nowadays rescue systems used with avalanche victims. The final goal is to increase the number of success rescues in these kind of mountain accidents. To do this we propose to test a type of patch antenna that may be useful for future improvements of the system and opens a new line of research. The main objective is to get a microwave unit for frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, for what we will use a type of patch antenna powered by direct coupling on printed circuit technology. Apart from the antenna we will also design a circuit doubler, basing the set in harmonic radar operation, which, with a single antenna without external power supply for the electronics involved is able to receive at f0 and transmit at 2f0 simultaneously. The PFC will be divided into two different parts corresponding to the two blocks described above, the antenna and the circuit. For each of the blocks similar steps will be followed, all of them typical in this kind of studies. From a specification and a catalog of components given we will obtain the design (dimensions, shapes, links, etc..) that best meet the previous requirements. Then take the dimensions and values obtained to simulation software CST for the antenna and Microwave Office for the circuit to test and optimize if necessary, to get an answer as accurate as possible. After these steps we will design the photolites in order to get the physical PCB. Then we will mount the physical circuit and once mounted, check the operation by using different analyzers in anechoic chamber tests.Ingeniería Técnica en Sistemas de Telecomunicació

Actas del V Congreso ISUF-H Costa Rica 2021: Ciudades espontáneas versus ciudades planificadas: distintos retos, distintas realidades

En el año 2021 celebramos en Costa Rica la V edición del Congreso ISUF-H, los días 1, 2 y 3 de diciembre, con la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica como anfitriona del evento. El congreso “Ciudades espontáneas versus ciudades planificadas: distintos retos, distintas realidades” propuso como eje central una reflexión crítica sobre los procesos de urbanización planificada y urbanización espontánea, en el cual se fomente un abordaje de las ciudades como expresión de organización social, económica, ambiental y cultural, enfatizando el carácter ideológico de la urbanización y subrayando su continua construcción como resultado de construcciones complejas. La celebración de un nuevo congreso en América Latina, permitió reforzar la tradición crítica en el abordaje de las ciudades, y reforzar también la necesidad de plantear una perspectiva latinoamericana de los estudios urbanos, y por consiguiente de una teoría urbana latinoamericana. En esta ocasión el congreso se centró en ahondar en la temática de la forma urbana, desde perspectivas transversales que involucren las amplias disciplinas que asumen como objeto de discusión las problemáticas de la ciudad contemporánea y cuestionan la dicotomía planteada entre lo espontáneo y lo planificado. Para la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica y su Laboratorio de Ciudad y Territorio es un honor haber podido llevar a cabo esta nueva edición del congreso de la Asociación ISUF-H como segunda sede en un país latinoamericano. Relevante para fortalecer la temática de la forma urbana en la región, reforzando alianzas y estableciendo nuevas redes que permitan compartir conocimientos a partir de las experiencias de esas diversidades urbanas. Auspiciar el debate en torno a la morfología urbana y las diferencias entre esas ciudades espontáneas y las planificadas, fue una oportunidad para reunir a expertos de las distintas latitudes hispánicas.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ingeniería::Facultad de Ingeniería::Escuela de Arquitectur

Early microbiota, antibiotics and health

The colonization of the neonatal digestive tract provides a microbial stimulus required for an adequate maturation towards the physiological homeostasis of the host. This colonization, which is affected by several factors, begins with facultative anaerobes and continues with anaerobic genera. Accumulating evidence underlines the key role of the early neonatal period for this microbiota-induced maturation, being a key determinant factor for later health. Therefore, understanding the factors that determine the establishment of the microbiota in the infant is of critical importance. Exposure to antibiotics, either prenatally or postnatally, is common in early life mainly due to the use of intrapartum prophylaxis or to the administration of antibiotics in C-section deliveries. However, we are still far from understanding the impact of early antibiotics and their long-term effects. Increased risk of non-communicable diseases, such as allergies or obesity, has been observed in individuals exposed to antibiotics during early infancy. Moreover, the impact of antibiotics on the establishment of the infant gut resistome, and on the role of the microbiota as a reservoir of resistance genes, should be evaluated in the context of the problems associated with the increasing number of antibiotic resistant pathogenic strains. In this article, we review and discuss the above-mentioned issues with the aim of encouraging debate on the actions needed for understanding the impact of early life antibiotics upon human microbiota and health and for developing strategies aimed at minimizing this impact.The work carried out in the authors’ laboratories on the early life microbiota is founded by the EU Joint Programming Initiative—A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life (JPI HDHL, http://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu/) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (Project EarlyMicroHealth). The Grant GRUPIN14-043 from “Plan Regional de Investigación del Principado de Asturias” is also acknowledged. A. M. N. is the recipient of a JPI predoctoral fellowship and N. S. benefits from a JdC contract, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO).Peer reviewe

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2