Ammonia mechanism: an experimental study of the part played by ammonia, fixed base and phosphate in the elimination of acid from the body

Being convinced that dietary influences have been a prolific source of confusion in the past, decided to use fasting subjects. we had also come to the conclusion that the role played by fixed base in the neutralisation of acid can be more accurately studied, if some acid other than hydrochloric acid is used. v'e chose sulphuric acid. In choosing maximum dose we were guided by the normal daily acid production in fasting cats - our experimental subjects. This also corresponds to the magnitude of the excess acid production in phorhizinized dogs and cats. Vie did not wish to get too far away from the rate at which acid may be formed in the tissues spontaneously, so that our results may be expected to have more bearing on the fate of acid produced under natural conditions than is the case with some previous work.ACID PER OS.: Sulphuric acid was given from 30 c.c. to 125 c.c. per kilogram weight in single doses to starving cats. About 8O% of the total amount of the acid given was recovered from urine as sulphate. It was found that ammonia neutralised about 60%; of the acid given by the mouth and subsequently recovered from the urine, or 50% of the total amount given. This figure for ammonia is very much higher,. than (20 or 30%) had been observed in experiments performed on animals that had been fed during the experiments.Varying proportions of the acid were neutralised by fixed base. Taking the extreme case noted by us, the amount of fixed base lost is 55 c.c. of 0.1N base in a cat of 2.55kg. weight. This corresponds to a loss equivalent to 6.7 volume per cent carbon- dioxide, - a small fraction of the normal range of variation in the bicarbonate content of plasma. If acid feeding deprives the body of fixed base at all, it draws only on a supply which is not particularly needed and which is, therefore, not tenaciously retained.No appreciable change in phosphate excretion was noted in any of the experiments.PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF ACID. INTRAVENOUS INJECTION.Approximately the same dose of sulphuric acid was given as per Os. To approximate the rate of absorption when acid is given by mouth, the acid was given at from about 0.015 c.c. per kilogram per minute to about 0.09 c.c.. per kilogram per minute. It was noted that little or no increase in ammonia took place, and that a sufficient rise in residual fixed base excretion occurred to account for all the acid injected. But in every experiment profound secondary changes occurred, chief among which. were haemolysis interfering with the action of the kidney and hyperpnoea. The latter alone would explain the apparent absence of ammonia production; over -ventilation evidently setting free more than enough fixed base to neutralise the acid, so that ammonia production was rendered unnecessary. ' "'e were forced to the conclusion that this method of parent - eral introduction of acid defeated the object we had in view, i.e. to see whether acid entering the systemic circulation directly is neutralised by ammonia at all. Such neutralisation had been denied by Keeton. We therefore tried parenteral administration under less severe conditions, i.e. Subcutaneously, and it served the purpose well.100 per cent. of the acid when administered by this route was recovered from the urine. Increased ammonia production neutralised about 40% of the acid. This average is based on two experiments only, while the average for alimentary route administration is based on a very much larger number of experiments, and we are not sure the causes of the peculiar results of intravenous injections are wholly absent here.No increase in phosphate excretion in urine was noticed in response also to the parenteral administration of acid

Who Wants to Deliberate--And Why?

Interest in deliberative theories of democracy has grown tremendously among political theorists over the last twenty years. Many scholars in political behavior, however, are skeptical that it is a practically viable theory, even on its own terms. They argue (inter alia) that most people dislike politics, and that deliberative initiatives would amount to a paternalistic imposition. Using two large, representative samples investigating people's hypothetical willingness to deliberate and their actual behavior in response to a real invitation to deliberate with their member of Congress, we find: 1) that willingness to deliberate in the U.S. is much more widespread than expected; and 2) that it is precisely people who are less likely to participate in traditional partisan politics who are most interested in deliberative participation. They are attracted to such participation as a partial alternative to "politics as usual."

Social Networks and Correct Voting

Decades of research suggest that social interaction influences opinion formation and affects voting behavior. However, recent work concerning the nexus between deliberation and democratic practice--particularly in the American context--has re-focused attention on the normative consequences of socially-driven political behavior. Among the most common criticisms of interpersonal networks are that most people have very insular social circles, and that when they do not they are unlikely to engage in politics. In this paper we provide evidence that such pessimistic assessments are unwarranted, though for somewhat unexpected reasons. Using data from the American Component of the 1992 Cross-National Election Project and the 2000 American National Election Study, we examine whether and under what conditions social networks facilitate interest-based voting. Our findings indicate that when networks provide unambiguous signals regarding candidates, that they serve as potentially useful information shortcuts, facilitating connections between individuals\u27 vote decisions and their underlying preferences. And, because many Americans reside in reasonably supportive social environments, networks often help citizens make ``correct\u27\u27 voting decisions (Lau and Redlawsk 1997). In the end, social networks appear to help shoulder the demands of democratic theory, but not by helping people learn about politics in any traditional sense

The Political Consequences of Gender in Social Networks

Prior research on communication in social networks demonstrates its influence on a variety of democratic behaviors including opinion formation, tolerance, voting behavior, and participation. Largely unexplored in this literature is the potential for unexplored heterogeneity in social influence, particularly across gender lines. In this paper, we move the discussion forward by examining how classic results in the field of social communication, which often did not even control for gender, yield different results when we consider gender dynamics. Women’s networks are constructed differently than men’s, but women also use their networks differently and process information from them differently than men do. The gender dynamics of supply of and demand for political communication combine to change how we think about social influence, fundamentally altering some classic findings about social network effects

Reduced Noise Gas Turbine Engine System and Supersonic Exhaust Nozzle System Using Elector to Entrain Ambient Air

One embodiment of the present invention is a unique gas turbine engine system. Another embodiment is a unique exhaust nozzle system for a gas turbine engine. Other embodiments include apparatuses, systems, devices, hardware, methods, and combinations for gas turbine engine systems and exhaust nozzle systems for gas turbine engines. Further embodiments, forms, features, aspects, benefits, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and figures provided herewith

Examining Mechanims of Political Disagreement

This research seeks to develop and test hypotheses about how political disagreement in social networks aects political behavior. We conduct experimental research to test whether subjects\u27 acquaintances act as independent sources of information, and examine two dierent models ofhow such social stimuli may produce effects|either via information seeking, or information shortcuts. These tests are important because prior research is ambiguous on whether causal effects come from networks, and on potential mechanisms of infuence. Our results back aspects of both models, but more strongly support the notion of disagreement as a heuristic|subjectsprimed to consider disagreement before a mock election exhibited a less-orderly information search process; those primed to consider disagreement after the election (but before voting) displayed lower rates of ambivalence, and evidence that such information helped clarify theirdecisions

First order magnetic transition in CeFe2_2 alloys: Phase-coexistence and metastability

First order ferromagnetic (FM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transition in doped-CeFe$_2$ alloys is studied with micro-Hall probe technique. Clear visual evidence of magnetic phase-coexistence on micrometer scales and the evolution of this phase-coexistence as a function of temperature, magnetic field and time across the first order FM-AFM transition is presented. Such phase-coexistence and metastability arise as natural consequence of an intrinsic disorder-influenced first order transition. Generality of this phenomena involving other classes of materials is discussed.Comment: 11 pages of text and 3 figure

Exposure to discussion and disagreement does not discourage women from political participation any more than men.

Scholarly work has found that there is a consistent gap in political campaign activism between men and women. One potential explanation, grounded in social psychology, is that women have greater exposure to disagreement and resource disparities, which makes them less likely to participate politically. In new research, Paul A. Djupe, Scott D. McClurg, and Anand E. Sokhey examine social networks and political participation over time, finding that while women can be less likely to campaign if exposed to political disagreement, this effect is not consistent over time. They also find that access to social expertise – usually from men – can help women to overcome the effects of resource disparities on their political activity

Flow behavior in inlet guide vanes of radial turbines

Scroll flow is discussed. Streamline pattern and velocity distribution in the guide vanes are calculated. The blade surface temperature distribution is also determined. The effects of the blade shapes and the nozzle channel width on the velocity profiles at inlet to the guide vanes are investigated