EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE AMOUNT OF PERCEIVED PAIN, JOINT RANGE OF MOTION AND EDEMA AFTER DELAYED MUSCLE SORENESS

Delayed onset muscle soreness usually occurs after doing a new unusual physical activity, especially when, associated with repeated eccentric contractions and then it gradually disappears. There is not an extensive agreement in the case of treatment method of soreness signs quick reduction. This research was carried out with the aim of investigation caffeine consumption effect to find a good way in order to reduce the signs of delayed onset muscle soreness. In this semi-experimental with Double-blind design, 16 female volleyball player with an age average of 22.5+2.5 in 2 homogeneous 8 subject control and experimental group were studied. In this research, the effect of caffeine existing in coffee in 5 stages (24h before exercise, 12h before, immediately before exercise, after exercise and 12h after it) and 1mg per 1kg of body weight on amount of perceived pain and range of motion of the joint and edema due to delay onset muscle soreness because of 50 jumps and lands of a 1 meter stage was investigated. The results showed that caffeine consumption has a meaningful effect on reduction of all the expressed signs after eccentric contractions. So it is recommended that physio thrapysts, doctors and athletes use this method to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness consequences after the injury

INVESTIGATING THE RELATION BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OFFICES EMPLOYEES IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE

Purpose : The aim of present study was to investigate the relation between organizational atmosphere and organizational citizenship behavior of Mazandaran province physical education offices staff. Material : This is a correlation and descriptive study, and also a field study. Statistical population of the study was the whole staff of Mazandaran province offices of physical education in 1390 (N=188), that 127 of them were selected randomly and with allocating coordination method. Tools for collecting data were three questionnaires, (1) individual characteristics questionnaire, (2) organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire of Bell and Mangog, and (3) organizational climate questionnaire of Sussman & Deep. To analyze data we used descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variable regression). Results : Study results showed a significant positive relation between organizational climate and its factors with staff organizational citizenship behavior (p≤0/01). Also step-by-step multi-variable regression analyze showed that goal and communication factors are good predictors of organizational citizenship behavior of physical education headquarters staff, respectively (p≤0/01). Conclusions : According to results we recommend that sport organizations managers through creating positive organizational atmosphere, goal clarity and more staff interactions, can increase the outbreak of organizational citizenship behavior in staff, and finally improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness

The relationship of Breaststroke Training on Knee Pain and Q Angle of Breaststroke and Crawl Swimmers

Competitive swimmers have a high incidence of breaststroke-related knee injuries. The cause of the breaststroke swimmer’s knee, which is accompanied with medial pain of the knee joint, has not been clearly identified. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the biomechanical and anatomical factors which predispose subjects to injury. This study includes 60 breaststroke and crawl swimmers (16 ±3.2 years old) who have participated in 3–6-year-long swimming training in Tabriz city. The knee pain was evaluated with McGill’s pain questionnaire, and Q angle was measured with universal goniometry by knee radiography in standing position. The medial pain of knee joint increased significantly and the knee was only symptomatic when the swimmers performed the whip kick. Breaststroke swimmers were hardly able to complete training because of the knee pain. It is concluded that competitive training of breaststroke swimming for 6 months can cause exclusive injury and pain in swimmer’s knee. On the other hand, the result showed that there is a direct relationship between the swimmer’s Q angle amount and chance of the knee injury. This emphasizes a scrious consideration of Q angle states in breaststroke swimmers

THE EFFECT OF 36 HOURS SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON DRIBBLING SKILLS OF SOCCER PLAYERS

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on the dribbling skills of football players. To this end, 22 students of Sahand University, with age range (20-24 years) performed dribbling skill in the pre-test and post test stages. In this study to assess this skill, the test "Mor - Christian" has been used. In the first step, subjects conducted the dribble test as pre-test after 8 hours sleep a night. 10 days later, to ensure the validity of tests and test results on the learning effect, subjects did the same test again after 8 hours sleep a night. In the third stage, 36 hours of sleep deprivation as an independent variable imposed on the subjects and then the test was repeated and experimental test results were compared as recorded using paired t-test. The findings showed that 36 hour sleep deprivation decreases dribble implementation skills (p <0.001). Therefore, the findings showed that sleep deprivation can be a devastating effect on dribbling skill

Роль факторів реклами в розвитку індустрії спорту і туризму провінції Фарс

Цель : Целью данного исследования является изучение роли рекламных факторов в развитии индустрии спорта и туризма провинции Фарс. Материалы и методы : Данное исследование носит описательный и функциональный характер. Мы использовали маркетинговые показатели опросника для сбора данных. Статистическая выборка - 170 ответственных руководителей и специалистов в области туризма и спорта, которые целенаправленным методом неслучайной выборки были выбраны в качестве респондентов. Для расчета надежности использован коэффициент Cronbach's Alpha. В экспериментальном исследовании (40 человек) маркетинговые факторы составили α = 0,82. После сбора данных была проанализирована гипотеза с использованием Chi 2 теста. Результаты : Результаты исследования показывают, что руководители и специалисты относят к наиболее эффективным факторам развития рекламны индустрию спорта и туризма соответственно: деятельность в переписке; исследование и понятие мотиваций туристов с целью обеспечения их потребностей; содействие развитию провинциальных парков и зеленых зон через создание центров охраны здоровья; развитие спортивно- культурных центров для реализации творческих планов, связанных с отечественной и региональной культурой. Эти факторы рекламы с уровнем значимости 0,000 признаны эффективными для спортивной индустрии и туризма провинции Фарс. Выводы : необходимы методы пропаганды для эффективного маркетинга спортивного туризма. Следует отметить тесную взаимосвязь с развитием туризма и экономического продвижения провинции. Важная роль принадлежит процессу развития туризма как части производственной структуры экономики. Ее развитие способствует увеличению доходов и созданию рабочих мест в развивающихся странах.Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of advertisement factors in development of sport tourism industry of Fars province. Materials and methods : Present study is descriptive and functional. We used marketing indices questionnaire for collecting data. Statistical population was all the responsible managers and experts in tourism and sport which through purposeful non-random sampling method 170 of them were selected as samples. To calculate reliability by Cronbach's Alpha in a pilot study on a 40 people sample, marketing factors were α=0.82. Data were analyzed after collecting in respect of study hypotheses through Chi 2 tests. Results: Study findings show that from managers and experts views the most effective advertisement factors to develop sport tourism industry are respectively: written activities, investigate and understand tourists motivations to provide their requirements, promote the province parks and green fields by making health stations, develop sport-cultural centers for doing creative plans related to native and regional culture; all of advertisement factors with significance level of 0.000 are effective in developing of Fars province sport tourism industry. Conclusions: Propaganda methods necessary for effective marketing for sports tourism. It should be noted that closely tied to tourism development and promotion each other in a specified process, Because the tourism development process, part of the production structure of the economy that can income generation and job creation in developing countries have a major role.Мета : Метою даного дослідження є вивчення ролі рекламних факторів у розвитку індустрії спорту і туризму провінції Фарс. Матеріал і методи : Дане дослідження носить описовий і функціональний характер. Ми використовували маркетингові показники опитування для збору даних. Статистична вибірка - 170 відповідальних керівників і фахівців у галузі туризму та спорту, які цілеспрямованим методом невипадково] вибірки були обрані як респонденти. Для розрахунку надійності використаний коефіцієнт Cronbach's Alpha. В експериментальному дослідженні ( 40 осіб) маркетингові фактори склали α=0,82. Після збору даних була проаналізована гіпотеза з використанням Chi2 тесту. Результати : Результати дослідження показують, що керівники і фахівці відносять до найбільш ефективних факторів розвитку рекламної індустрії спорту і туризму відповідно: діяльність у листуванні; дослідження і поняття мотивацій туристів з метою забезпечення їх потреб; сприяння розвитку провінційних парків і зелених зон через створення центрів охорони здоров'я; розвиток спортивно-культурних центрів для реалізації творчих планів, пов'язаних з вітчизняною та регіональної культурою. Ці фактори реклами з високим рівнем значущості визнані ефективними для спортивної індустрії і туризму провінції Фарс. Висновки : необхідні методи пропаганди для ефективного маркетингу спортивного туризму. Слід відзначити тісний взаємозв'язок розвитку туризму та економічного просування провінції. Важлива роль належить процесу розвитку туризму як частини виробничої структури економіки. Її розвиток сприяє збільшенню доходів і створенню робочих місць в країнах, що розвиваються

EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE AMOUNT OF PERCEIVED PAIN, JOINT RANGE OF MOTION AND EDEMA AFTER DELAYED MUSCLE SORENESS

Delayed onset muscle soreness usually occurs after doing a new unusual physical activity, especially when, associated with repeated eccentric contractions and then it gradually disappears. There is not an extensive agreement in the case of treatment method of soreness signs quick reduction. This research was carried out with the aim of investigation caffeine consumption effect to find a good way in order to reduce the signs of delayed onset muscle soreness. In this semi-experimental with Double-blind design, 16 female volleyball player with an age average of 22.5+2.5 in 2 homogeneous 8 subject control and experimental group were studied. In this research, the effect of caffeine existing in coffee in 5 stages (24h before exercise, 12h before, immediately before exercise, after exercise and 12h after it) and 1mg per 1kg of body weight on amount of perceived pain and range of motion of the joint and edema due to delay onset muscle soreness because of 50 jumps and lands of a 1 meter stage was investigated. The results showed that caffeine consumption has a meaningful effect on reduction of all the expressed signs after eccentric contractions. So it is recommended that physio thrapysts, doctors and athletes use this method to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness consequences after the injury

Порядок в умовах хаосу в спортивних організаціях

Цель : В настоящее время ученые считают мир как совокупность некоторых систем, которые работают самоорганизующимся образом и результат, таким образом, непредсказуем от случайного состояния. Обязательные природные правила аффективны в таких условиях. Также известно, что системы работают в кругообороте и в какой последовательности заканчивается беспорядок и в такой он начинается. Идея мира как чего-то простого уже заменена сложным и противоречивым миром. Цель исследования состоит в обследовании хаордической организации символов спортивных организациях. Материалы и методы : Для этой цели мы использовали стандартную анкету с соответствующей надежностью и валидностью. Статистической выборкой исследования является весь персонал спортивных и молодежных штаб-квартир в провинции Азейбарджан, всего 89 человек. Мы использовали тест Холмогорова-Смирнова для изучения нормальности распределения данных. В отношении нормального распределения данных в тестовой гипотезе мы использовали t-тест. Также использовали описательные статистические методы, такие как среднее и стандартное отклонение. Обработку проводили через SPSS 18. Анкеты были заполнены на весь персонал спортивных и молодежных штаб-квартир западной Азербайджанской провинции. Результаты : Результаты этого исследования, которые получены через Т-тест, показывают, что спортивные организации имеют шесть характеристик: приверженность к инновациям, согласованности, неуверенности, нелинейности, непредсказуемости и уродливые структуры. Это своего рода степень характеристик подбора компетентных штатов спортивных организаций, которые многим не понравятся. Выводы : По результатам этого исследования и t-таблицы можно сделать вывод, что спортивные организации являются хаордическими организациями.Purpose: Nowadays, scientists consider the world as a combination of some systems that work in a self -organizing way and the result of such a way is unpredictable and accidential states. Compulsory Natural rules are affective in such circumstances. Also it is known that systems work in a circular form in which order ends in disorder and vice versa. The idea of world as something simple has already replaced by a complicated and contradictory world. The study aim is to survey chaordic organizations characters of sport organizations. Materials and methods : For this purpose we used a standard questionnaire with appropriate reliability and validity. The statistical population of the study are whole staff of sport and youth head-quarter of west Azarbaijan province that are 89 (sample number is equal to the population's). We used Kolmogrov- Smirnov test to study data normal distribution, and in respect of normal distribution of data to test hypothesis we used sample t test and also descriptive statistical methods like mean and standard deviation, through SPSS 18. Questionnaires were filled out by whole staff of sport and youth head-quarters of west Azarbaijan province. Results: Results of this study, which have got through a single-sample t-test, show that sport organizations have six characteristics of welcoming to innovation, coherence, uncertainty, non-linearity, unpredictability, and ugly structure. It’s just the grade of the characteristic of recruiting competent staffs that is low in sport organizations; in fact they don’t enjoy it. But, within assessing the main hypothesis of the research that was around the feature of chaos-order, it was resulted that sport organizations have characteristics of a chaos-order organization and they can be considered as a chaos-order organization. Conclusions: According to the results of this study and t-table we can deduce that sport organizations are chaordic organization.Мета : В даний час учені вважають світ як сукупність деяких систем, які працюють як самоорганізуюча система і таким чином результат є непередбачуваним від випадкового стану. Обов'язкові природні правила афективні за таких умов. Також відомо, що системи працюють в кругообігу і в якій послідовності закінчується безлад і в такий він починається. Ідея світу як чогось простого вже замінена складним і суперечливим світом. Мета дослідження полягає в обстеженні хаордичної організації символів спортивних організаціях. Матеріали і методи : Для цієї мети ми використовували стандартну анкету з відповідною надійністю і валідністю. Статистичною вибіркою дослідження є весь персонал спортивних та молодіжних штаб-квартир в провінції Азейбарджан, всього 89 осіб. Ми використовували тест Холмогорова-Смирнова для вивчення нормальності розподілу даних. Відносно нормального розподілу даних в тестовій гіпотезі ми використовували t -тест. Також використовували описові статистичні методи, такі як середнє і стандартне відхилення. Обробку проводили через SPSS 18. Анкети були заповнені на весь персонал спортивних та молодіжних штаб-квартир західної Азербайджанської провінції. Результати : Результати цього дослідження, які отримані через Т -тест, показують, що спортивні організації мають шість характеристик: прихильність до інновацій, узгодженості, невпевненості, нелінійності, непередбачуваності і потворні структури. Це свого роду ступінь характеристик підбору компетентних штатів спортивних організацій, які багатьом не сподобаються. Висновки : За результатами цього дослідження і t - таблиці можна зробити висновок, що спортивні організації є хаордичними організаціями

INVESTIGATING THE RELATION BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OFFICES EMPLOYEES IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE

<p>Purpose: The aim of present study was to investigate the relation between organizational atmosphere and organizational citizenship behavior of Mazandaran province physical education offices staff. Material: This is a correlation and descriptive study, and also a field study. Statistical population of the study was the whole staff of Mazandaran province offices of physical education in 1390 (N=188), that 127 of them were selected randomly and with allocating coordination method. Tools for collecting data were three questionnaires, (1) individual characteristics questionnaire, (2) organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire of Bell and Mangog, and (3) organizational climate questionnaire of Sussman & Deep. To analyze data we used descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variable regression). Results: Study results showed a significant positive relation between organizational climate and its factors with staff organizational citizenship behavior (p≤0/01). Also step-by-step multi-variable regression analyze showed that goal and communication factors are good predictors of organizational citizenship behavior of physical education headquarters staff, respectively (p≤0/01). Conclusions: According to results we recommend that sport organizations managers through creating positive organizational atmosphere, goal clarity and more staff interactions, can increase the outbreak of organizational citizenship behavior in staff, and finally improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness.</p

ORDER IN THE CHAOS IN SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS

<p>Purpose: Nowadays, scientists consider the world as a combination of some systems that work in a self –organizing way and the result of such a way is unpredictable and accidential states. Compulsory Natural rules are affective in such circumstances. Also it is known that systems work in a circular form in which order ends in disorder and vice versa. The idea of world as something simple has already replaced by a complicated and contradictory world. The study aim is to survey chaordic organizations characters of sport organizations. Materials andmethods: For this purpose we used a standard questionnaire with appropriate reliability and validity. The statistical population of the study are whole staff of sport and youth head-quarter of west Azarbaijan province that are 89 (sample number is equal to the population's). We used Kolmogrov- Smirnov test to study data normal distribution, and in respect of normal distribution of data to test hypothesis we used sample t test and also descriptive statistical methods like mean and standard deviation, through SPSS 18. Questionnaires were filled out by whole staff of sport and youth head-quarters of west Azarbaijan province. Results: Results of this study, which have got through a single-sample t-test, show that sport organizations have six characteristics of welcoming to innovation, coherence, uncertainty, non-linearity, unpredictability, and ugly structure. It’s just the grade of the characteristic of recruiting competent staffs that is low in sport organizations; in fact they don’t enjoy it. But, within assessing the main hypothesis of the research that was around the feature of chaos-order, it was resulted that sport organizations have characteristics of a chaos-order organization and they can be considered as a chaos-order organization. Conclusions: According to the results of this study and t-table we can deduce that sport organizations are chaordic organization.</p