The aim of this study is to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on the dribbling skills of football players. To this end, 22 students of Sahand University, with age range (20-24 years) performed dribbling skill in the pre-test and post test stages. In this study to assess this skill, the test "Mor - Christian" has been used. In the first step, subjects conducted the dribble test as pre-test after 8 hours sleep a night. 10 days later, to ensure the validity of tests and test results on the learning effect, subjects did the same test again after 8 hours sleep a night. In the third stage, 36 hours of sleep deprivation as an independent variable imposed on the subjects and then the test was repeated and experimental test results were compared as recorded using paired t-test. The findings showed that 36 hour sleep deprivation decreases dribble implementation skills (p &lt;0.001). Therefore, the findings showed that sleep deprivation can be a devastating effect on dribbling skill

Ekrami, Mostafa

Ghalehgir, Sohrab

Hefzollesan, Mehrdad

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on the dribbling skills of football players. To this end, 22 students of Sahand University, with age range (20-24 years) performed dribbling skill in the pre-test and post test stages. In this study to assess this skill, the test "Mor - Christian" has been used. In the first step, subjects conducted the dribble test as pre-test after 8 hours sleep a night. 10 days later, to ensure the validity of tests and test results on the learning effect, subjects did the same test again after 8 hours sleep a night. In the third stage, 36 hours of sleep deprivation as an independent variable imposed on the subjects and then the test was repeated and experimental test results were compared as recorded using paired t-test. The findings showed that 36 hour sleep deprivation decreases dribble implementation skills (p <0.001). Therefore, the findings showed that sleep deprivation can be a devastating effect on dribbling skill

Mehrdad Hefzollesan

Sohrab Ghalehgir

Mostafa Ekrami

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THE EFFECT OF 36 HOURS SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON DRIBBLING SKILLS OF SOCCER PLAYERS

 97 THE EFFECT OF 36 HOURS SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON DRIBBLING SKILLS OF SOCCER PLAYERS Mehrdad Hefzollesan1, Sohrab Ghalehgir1, Mostafa Ekrami2 1Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran 2Islamic Azad University of Karaj branch, Iran  Abstract. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on the dribbling skills of football players. To this end, 22 students of Sahand University, with age range (20-24 years) performed dribbling skill in the pre-test and post test stages. In this study to assess this skill, the test "Mor - Christian" has been used. In the first step, subjects conducted the dribble test as pre-test after 8 hours sleep a night. 10 days later, to ensure the validity of tests and test results on the learning effect, subjects did the same test again after 8 hours sleep a night. In the third stage, 36 hours of sleep deprivation as an independent variable imposed on the subjects and then the test was repeated and experimental test results were compared as recorded using paired t-test. The findings showed that 36 hour sleep deprivation decreases dribble implementation skills (p <0.001). Therefore, the findings showed that sleep deprivation can be a devastating effect on dribbling skill. Keywords: sleep, sleep deprivation, dribbling, skill, soccer.  Introduction1  Sleep is a complex combination of physiological and behavioral factors that is required for renewal of physical and mental powers in normal individuals and athletes (Willy et al., 2008) However, sleep disorders may be observed in athletes who may participate in a competition with prescribed schedule, after a long trip, change in the environment, physical activity and anxiety (Bryant et al., 1992 Chen., 1991).  A study (2002) on more than one million men and women showed that the death risk of people sleeping over 8.5 hours or less than 3.5 hours a night, is 15 percent higher than those who averagely sleep seven hours a night (Williams et  al.,  2003).  The  sleep  quality  of  athletes  is  important  in  such  a  way  that  sleeps  disorders  in  athletes  causes psychologically negative effects, increased heart rate, decreased peak oxygen consumption during physical activity performance, weak immune system, hormonal changes, etc (Willy et al., 2008 Tulio et al., 2005 Selma et al., 2007). Another study revealed that the amount and state of night sleep can affect the individual level of cognitive function and activities (Silvia. 2006). Result of another study on the  negative effects caused by  sleep deprivation suggests that sleeping less than 5-6 on the night can lead to dysfunction (Veasey et al., 2002). Athletes can be easily affected by anxiety, fatigue, exercise pressures, and especially long journeys and as a result, they will suffer from sleeplessness or insomnia. In sports psychology literature, experimental or quasi-experimental research about amount and state of sleep in athletes has been done very rarely. Usually athletes, coaches and sports psychologists have a lot of information about many factors that can be effective on the performance. But the effect of sleep deprivation on athletic performance, often have been less studied. However, it was shown that when the sleep schedule changes, it indirectly affects on athletic performance. But the results of research done in this case has less integrity and often are contradictory (Bond et al., 1986  Hill.  1992  Holland.,  1986  Johnson.,  1982).  For  example,  (Bond.  1986)  demonstrated  that  sleep  deprivation reduces maximum oxygen consumption, while Martin and Gdys (Hill., 1992) stated that there are no changes in VO2 following sleep deprivation (Bryant et al., 1992). In addition, most previous studies have shown that heart rate at a given workload by sleep deprivation is not affected (Hill., 1992 Holland., 1986). (Bond. 1986) reported that heart rate after  sleep  deprivation  decreases.  These  differences  can  result  from  different  research  methods,  including  sleep deprivation period, measuring techniques and training methods, so the investigation can add some information about the effect of sleep on performance. Another test, on six patients, sleep deprivation did not show a significant effect on peak oxygen  consumption,  but  the  peak  exercise  heart  rate  was  significantly  reduced.  These  results  suggest  that  sleep deprivation  changes  psychological  responses  to  exercise  of  moderate  to  severe  level  (Hill.  1992).  Chen  (1991) examined  30  hour  sleep  deprivation  effects  on  heart-  breathing  function  at  rest  and  exercise  in  15  healthy  male volunteers. Results showed a decrease in heart rate, catecholamine levels and blood PH at rest followed by 30 hours sleep  deprivation;  while  the  minute  ventilation  and  CO2  production  increased  (p  <0.05).  Maximum  exercise performance by the maximum heart rate, peak minute ventilation, peak production of carbon dioxide and peak oxygen consumption assessed by the sleep deprivation has decreased. However, significant changes in endurance exercise, PH CO2 and blood pressure during exercise was observed followed by sleep deprivation. Chen. 1991 concluded that 30 hours of sleep deprivation changed the heart- breathing function in relaxation and ability to exercise, but endurance training had not been affected. Pilcher and Huffcutt (1996), in several researches, studied the effect of complete sleep deprivation on some human functions such as mood and thought, rather than cognitive dimensions. Habeeck et al, (2002) showed sleep deprivation damages precision performance.  Dongen von et al (2003) postulated that 4-6 hours of sleep deprivation reduces cognitive function. Scott et al (2006) examined the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive and motion performance in their study of six persons deprived of sleep and concluded that 30 hours of sleep deprivation had significant effects on the reaction time at rest and during exercise and the reaction time with 26  Sleepless hours significantly increased (Waterhouse, 1998).                                                             © Mehrdad Hefzollesan, Sohrab Ghalehgir, Mostafa Ekrami, 2013 doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.681646  98     PHYSICAL    EDUCATION   OF STUDENTS Since in many sports, motion skill performance is of great importance and very few researches had been done on the impact of sleep deprivation on the performed skill, it seems that the conducted study can partly fill the needs of coaches and athletes to control the effects of sleep deprivation in order to get the best results. Methodology:  Fig 1. Dribbling test  The statistic samples of this research were 22 members of Sahand university football team with ages ranged between 20 and 24 and at least with 3 years experience in playing football. Samples were completely healthy. They didn’t have any abuse such as smoking. They had regular sleep and wake program one month before the test. They didn’t do any difficult physical activities 48 hours before the test. All of the samples (here means subject of the test) participated  in  this  research  as  volunteer.  Volunteers  (subject)  did  the  dribbling  (dribbling  clockwise  and counterclockwise direction) tests as a pretest after 8 hours sleep. 10 days later, to ensure the validity of the test, subjects run the tests as post-test again after 8 hours of night sleep. 10 days after this process and as the third stage, the independent variable was applied upon subjects. After 36 hours of sleep deprivation, the subjects repeated the test again. The results were recorded as an experimental test. To measure the basic skills of football (i.e. pass and shoot), Mohr Christine test was used. The aim was general evaluation of football. Validity of the test is 81 percent and the stability is reported 92 percent. In the dribble test, a circle of diameter 20 yards (2/18 cm) drawn and a 12 cones 18 inches (72/45 cm), around the circle and the distance of 5 yards (15/4 meters) from each other is placed (Fig-1). A start line perpendicular to the circle is drawn from a point located one foot outside of the circle. The ball is put on the starting line. Following the start command of the station commander, the subject starts to pass through the cones with zigzag dribbling in clockwise direction with his maximum velocity. The time of this movement is recorded in seconds and the subject is asked to do the same movement in opposite direction. For statistic analysis from descriptive statistics, the resulted average and standard deviation were used and from inferential statistics for investigating the difference of pretest and post-test, significance level of 5% was used and SPSS statistic software and excel software were used for drawing charts . Results According to Table 1, average age of the samples (subjects) was 21.56±1.23 years old, average height was 172.06 ± 4.84 centimeter and average weight was 68.56 ± 3.36 kg.  Table 1 Individual specifications variable  number  Standard deviation                           average age (old)  22  1.23  21.56 Weight(kg)  22  3.36  68.56 Height(centimeter)         22  4.84  172.06 Fat(percent)      22  2.27  13.46  Table 2 The descriptive statistic of dribbling test Test  Number  Process  Standard deviation Average Dribbling(clockwise direction)  22  Pretest  1.1235  17.3622 22  Posttest of control  1.0691  17.4133 22  Experimental post test   1.4129  20.0233 Dribbling(counterclockwise direction) 22  Pretest  1.2206  17.4750 22  Posttest of control  1.0708  17.4083 22  Experimental post test  1.6465  19.6083  The results of statistical description of subjects are presented in Table 2 and Fig.2. These results indicate that the average movement time for clockwise and counterclockwise directions, before sleep deprivation, were respectively  99 (17.3622±1.1235), (17.4133±1.0691) and (17.4750±1.2206), (17.4083±1.0708) for validity test or controlling posttest. The average and standard deviation of dribbling test time in experimental posttest which was done after 36 hours of sleep  deprivation  were  respectively  (20.0233±1.4129)  and  (19.6083±1.6465)  for  clockwise  and  counterclockwise directions.   Fig. 2. The results of dribbling test in pretest and posttest.  Considering Table 3 through 4 comparing the results of pretest and post test of dribbling in clockwise and counterclockwise directions, sleep deprivation has a meaningfully effect on subjects’ performance. The differences in clockwise and counterclockwise direction test were respectively -7.795 and 07.071. Since the observed T is greater than the T in the Ttest table in a 0.001 level, for both cases, it is resulted that dribbling performance is influenced y sleep deprivation.  Table 3 T test result in the pre-test and experimental post test of dribbling skill in the clockwise direction Significant level Obs T  Standard deviation  average   0.001  -7.795  1.1235  17.3622  pre-test 1.4129  20.0233  experimental post test  Table 4 T test result in the pre-test and experimental post test of dribbling skill in the counterclockwise direction  Discussion and conclusion Sleep deprivation is one of the problems that may occur in athletes caused by long trips (or any other cause) and their  optimal  athletic  performance  on  race  day  or  practice  may  be  affected.  Athletes  for  many  reasons,  including excitement, travel, change of habits, change of sleep time, malnutrition, etc are suffering from change in circadian rhythm and in some cases sleep deprivation. Study results showed that 36 hours sleep deprivation has a significant negative impact on performance of pass and shoot skills in football players. Limited studies in this area are mostly done on the impact of sleep deprivation on the physiological and psychological factors. Scott et al (2006) in their study of six persons  deprived  of  sleep  and  its  effect  on  cognitive  and  motion  performance  concluded  that  30  hours  of  sleep deprivation  had  significant  effect  on  reaction  time;  Also  26  hours  of  sleep  deprivation  significantly  increased  the reaction time during exercise(Waterhouse., 1998).  Flip et al (1993) in other research expressed that sleep deprivation range from 30 to 64 hours has a significant effect on the choice and simple reaction time. Thus, the results of the present study are consistent with the research. Review study of Haack and Mullington (2005) also showed that duration of sleep deprivation  has  an  effect  on  performance  however,  less  than  20  hours  is  not  impressive  and  the  effects  of  sleep deprivation usually show up in more than 30 hours of deprivation (Willy et al., 2008 Van Helder., 1989). Considering that the basic skills of football (Dribbling) are needed to be done accurately and quickly and also considering the results of research done regarding the significance of sleep deprivation on performance of skills, and confirmation of the effect of sleep deprivation, controlling the sleep before competitions and exercises becomes necessary to prevent loss of essential  functions  and  soccer  coaches  persist  on  the  importance  of  sleep  to  players  and  plan  a  full  program  on controlling their rest.   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THE EFFECT OF 36 HOURS SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON DRIBBLING SKILLS OF SOCCER PLAYERS

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