Impact assessment of AI-enabled automation on the workplace and employment. The case of Portugal

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to lead to a wave of innovation in organiza-tional design, changes in the workplace and create disruptive effects in the employment sys-tems across the world. Moreover, the future deployment of broad-spectrum algorithms capa-ble of being used in wide areas of application (e.g., industrial robotics, software and data anal-ysis, decision-making) can lead to considerable changes in current work patterns, swiftly render many unemployed across the globe and profoundly destabilize labour relations. The impacts of AI are estimated to lead to a reduction of millions of workplaces. But qualitative research about AI and its governance is scarce. An emergent technology requires a technology assess-ment (TA) approach to understand the implications of AI in firms. Mechanisms of industrial democracy can help to adopt AI by ensuring adequate arrangements for employees and avoid-ing conflicts (mitigating negative effects, promoting reskilling, etc.). In this research work, the probable penetration of AI in the manufacturing sector is identified to study its effects in work organization and employment in Portugal. Is the employ-ment changing alongside recent AI trends in Portugal? What are the expectable changes in work organisation due to AI-enabled automation? Are there signs of work qualification to go with AI systems implementation? Are there visions on the role of humans on the interaction with the features of industry 4.0? Does that imply new forms of human interaction with AI? These are the questions this research work will try to answer. A TA approach using mixed methods was applied to conduct statistical analyses of relevant databases, interviews with ac-ademic, industrial and social actors and exploratory scenarios of AI-based automation systems, on work organization and employment. The manufacturing industry was the chosen sector since it is the sector where most cases of AI-based automation systems are in place. Findings suggest that, until now, it seems AI is still not able to replace most of the human skills and cognitive capacities but can replace humans on simple tasks. In the future, four different possible states may occur, according to the various initial conditions, the com-pany's motivation, their business strategy, the public policies in place and main social actors involved: Re-organisation of work; Substitution of the workforce; People at the centre and Fo-cus on Efficiency. These were the basis for our scenario outcomes.A inteligência artificial (IA) tem o potencial de levar a uma onda de inovação no desenho das organizações, nas mudanças no local de trabalho e em criar efeitos disruptivos nos sistemas de emprego em todo o mundo. Além disso, a futura implementação de algoritmos de amplo espectro, capazes de serem usados em muitas áreas de aplicação (por exemplo, robótica industrial, software e análise de dados, tomada de decisão), pode levar a mudanças consideráveis nos padrões de trabalho atuais, e rapidamente, levar ao desemprego em todo o mundo e à desestabilização profunda das relações laborais. Estima-se que os impactos da IA levem a uma redução de milhões de locais de trabalho. Mas a investigação qualitativa sobre IA é escassa. Uma tecnologia emergente requer uma abordagem de avaliação de tecnologia (AT) para entender as suas implicações. Mecanismos de democracia industrial podem ajudar a adotar a IA, garantindo condições adequadas para os trabalhadores e evitando conflitos (mitigando efeitos negativos, promovendo requalificação, etc.). Neste trabalho de investigação identifica-se a provável penetração da IA no setor da indústria transformadora para estudar os seus efeitos na organização do trabalho e emprego em Portugal. O emprego está a mudar a par das tendências recentes da IA em Portugal? Quais são as mudanças na organização do trabalho devido à automação baseada em IA? Há indícios de qualificação do trabalho para acompanhar a implementação dos sistemas de IA? Existem visões sobre o papel do ser humano na interação com os recursos da indústria 4.0? Isso implica novas formas de interação humana com a IA? Estas são as perguntas que este trabalho de investigação tentará responder. Na abordagem de AT, foram usados métodos mistos para realizar análises estatísticas de bases de dados, entrevistas com atores do ecossistema académico, industrial e social e cenários exploratórios sobre os efeitos da adoção de sistemas de automação baseados em IA, na organização do trabalho e emprego. A indústria transformadora foi escolhida por ser onde existem a maioria de casos de aplicação de sistemas de auto-mação baseados em IA. Os resultados sugerem que, até ao momento, que a IA não tem a capacidade de subs-tituir a maioria das competências e raciocínio humanos, mas apenas tarefas simples. No futuro, poderão ocorrer quatro situações, dependendo das condições iniciais, motivação e estratégia da empresa, das políticas e incentivos públicos existentes e do envolvimento de atores sociais: Reorganização do trabalho; Substituição da mão-de-obra; Pessoas no centro da transformação e foco na Eficiência. Estas foram a base para os nossos cenários de referência

Intervention in Forte do Guincho Sea heritage – Conservation and architecture project

Forte do Guincho is situated on a promontory in a protected landscape. It was built in the 17th century and was part of an extensive line of defensive forts on the Cascais coast which protected the entrance to the Barra do Tejo. The particular nature of the location and the heritage value of Forte do Guincho were fundamental factors used in designing the architectural solution. Conservation and preservation are underlying concepts of the proposal. The pre-established use and programme intended to qualify the monument implied the need for a new construction, linked to the already existing structures but tectonically separated, thus potentially reversible, from the fort. The decision to plaster the walls of the fort or leave them unplastered was one of the most sensitive issues during the development of the project, since it would influence the integration of the fort in the landscape and its conservation. The aim of the (yet unbuilt) project was to achieve, through an integrated transdisciplinary project, a unity of form and materials between the pre-existing structures and the contemporary additions, thus giving renewed life to the monument while preserving its authenticity

A minha casa

Este livro foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Projeto de Investigação “Malagueira.PT - Património para todos: Subsídios para a sua classificação”, afiliado no Centro de História da Arte e Investigação Artística da Universidade de Évora. A presente publicação reflete sobre a importância do desenho da casa de Álvaro Siza no Bairro da Malagueira, em Évora. É proposta a leitura deste lote no processo metodológico e pedagógico do Plano Urbano e das habitações propostas e no conjunto de obras de Álvaro Siza enquanto única casa construída pelo e para o próprio arquiteto.Este livro foi financiado por fundos nacionais através da FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. pelo projeto MALAGUEIRA.PT | HERITAGE FOR ALL - MALAGUEIRA - PATRIMÓNIO DE TODOS - Subsídios para a sua classificação (PTDC/ ART-DAQ/32111/2017) afiliado ao Centro de História de Arte e Investigação Artística [UI&D: CHAIA/UÉ – UID/EAT/00112/2013 – FCT] da Universidade de Évora

As Representações da Arte em Reportagens Televisivas

Os discursos disseminados pela mídia influenciam a formação de uma opinião pública e, consequentemente, são capazes de incluir ou excluir formas de produção artística no gosto popular. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo reconhecer qual é o espaço reservado para a cultura no telejornalismo diário. Foi realizado o levantamento das reportagens televisivas que abordam como tema central assuntos de cultura e artes, exibidas no ano de 2012 nos principais jornais da TV aberta do Brasil. Vale ressaltar que, no campo do jornalismo – especialmente o televisivo – a editoria de cultura ocupa lugar pouco representativo, sendo muitas vezes diluída em programas de variedades. Este estudo corresponde aos resultados parciais da Pesquisa de Iniciação Científica realizada na Escola de Comunicações e Artes da USP com bolsa do CNP

Walking and Drawing - Overlapping Teaching Experiences in Architecture

The exercise of architecture is an ethical and responsible act that implies a rigorous and wide knowledge of the site of intervention and of the relationships between people and the built or natural environment where the construction is to be designed. Within the methodologies used in the teaching of architecture, the authors propose and promote in their curricular units walking (walkscape) and drawing / investigating as tools and instruments of knowledge and understanding and understanding of the place. The walk, a little errant and free, allows the cognitive understanding of the territory, surpassing the knowledge of its physical, visible, and measurable dimensions. Drawing is a tool for research, analysis, and registry. In fact, walking as drawing are essential instruments of knowledge, not only intuitive, but also interpretive of the place. We found that this methodological strategy has two advantages: on the one hand it allows the student to better consolidate his conceptual strategies and on the other hand, not least, it allows the student to discover himself as a persona / architect who intervenes in the territory. In addition, in face of the pandemic situation taking profit of the fine Portuguese weather and time out from classroom transforms the path of walking into a renew opportunity for keeping fit and healthy as well as understanding the site and its opportunities. Throughout this communication / article examples of practical exercises developed with the students and their results are presented and relations and comparisons are established with the design and investigation process of Álvaro Siza Vieira in understanding the territory in the Malagueira project in Évora

Beat precision and perceived danceability in drum grooves

Musicians can place the time-position of events with high precision and according to personal preference, genre and tempo [1]. For instance, the swing ratio is not kept constant, but it is systematically adapted to a global tempo [2]. In contemporary music, drummers can achieve a specific feel by manipulating the timing of rhythms in different ways and placing event onsets earlier or later compared to the time reference [1]. These small adjustments in time are also referred to as micro-timing variations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of micro-timing variations in live-played rhythms on the perceived danceability and timing precision. The stimuli were chosen from Câmara et al. [1] where drummers were playing two different patterns with different timing styles (laid-back, pushed, on-beat). Two drummers’ performances were selected based on their reported average systematic timing. These 12 recordings were mixed with the instrumental backing track (bass and guitar) heard by the drummers to form the stimuli. Forty participants (M = 28.23 years, SD = 11.80), 28 males and 12 females, with varying musical background were recruited via social media (Facebook pages, groups and direct messages to chat groups). Participants were sent a link to the online listening test using Google Forms with modifications that presented the stimuli as embedded videos. Each video started with a prompt to wear headphones followed by 4 bars of groove for a total of 11 seconds (with a static image). For each page, the participant was presented with a reference track (on-beat timing) and a “beat” track (laid-back or pushed timing) and asked to rate the perceived danceability from 1 (not danceable at all) to 5 (very danceable). Additionally, listeners were asked to compare the beat with the reference track and indicate whether this was pushed (ahead), laid-back (behind) or on-beat (synced with) the reference in terms of timing. Preliminary results indicate that micro-timing variations affect the perceived danceability. On-beat patterns were rated with the highest danceability, followed by laid-back and pushed styles. The drummer that obtained the highest danceability rating for the laid-back performance is also the one that was mainly recognized as on-beat performer. As expected, identification of timing (ahead, behind or on) proved to be difficult. Using the instrumental backing track as a time reference could possibly have made the task even harder for untrained listeners. Future research could address this by comparing danceability ratings for the grooves mixed with different backing tracks. References [1] G. S. Câmara, K. Nymoen, O. Lartillot, and A. Danielsen, “Timing Is Everything…Or Is It? Effects of Instructed Timing Style, Reference, and Pattern on Drum Kit Sound in Groove-Based Performance,” Music Percept., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1–26, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1525/mp.2020.38.1.1. [2] H. Honing and W. B. de Haas, “Swing Once More: Relating Timing and Tempo in Expert Jazz Drumming,” Music Percept., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 471–476, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.1525/mp.2008.25.5.471

Olhares

Este livro foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Projeto de Investigação “Malagueira.PT - Património para todos: Subsídios para a sua classificação”, afiliado no Centro de História da Arte e Investigação Artísica da Universidade de Évora. A presente publicação reflete sobre a importância do olhar dedicado e profundo sobre o projecto de Álvaro Siza no Bairro da Malagueira, em Évora. OLHARES apresenta diferentes modos de olhar o bairro da Malagueira, desenhado por Álvaro Siza, por um conjunto de fotógrafos, alguns internacionais como Roberto Collová, Brigitte Fleck e Hannelore Pfeifer, outros nacionais como Luís Ferreira Alves, José Manuel Rodrigues, Duarte Belo e Fernando Guerra que registaram o processo de construção, de apropriação e de vivência do bairro ao longo dos últimos 45 anos. Incluímos ainda, as fotografias de dois alunos da Universidade de Évora, Miguel Gama e Gonçalo Pacheco que olham para a Malagueira, procurando registar os valores aí presentes. Este conjunto de fotografias mostra o modo específico e seletivo como o fotógrafo, por vezes também arquiteto, observa e mais que tudo olha e compreende a Malagueira.Este livro foi financiado por fundos nacionais através da FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. pelo projeto MALAGUEIRA.PT | HERITAGE FOR ALL - MALAGUEIRA - PATRIMÓNIO DE TODOS - Subsídios para a sua classificação (PTDC/ART-DAQ/32111/2017) afiliado ao Centro de História de Arte e Investigação Artística [UI&D: CHAIA/UÉ – UID/EAT/00112/2013 – FCT] da Universidade de Évora

Linking archives – Researching into Malagueira

The author and the co-author have submitted as IR a research project to the 2017 Call for SR&TD Projects in all Scientific Domains (Call No. 02/SAICT/2017, project No. 32111) - Malagueira: Heritage for all. Contributions for its nomination - wich has obtained national support by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT). The project takes the inscription of Malagueira in the National Tentative List for Unesco for nomination to the World Heritage List (WHL), together with other works by Álvaro Siza Vieira, as an opportunity to identify, recognize and systematize the values of authenticity, integrity, singularity and the outstanding universal value, in close proximity to Évora’s Historic Center (Unesco WHL, 1984). On the one hand, the research aims to collect and consolidate a corpus of documentary and theoretical knowledge to induce Malagueira’s national classification and touristic brand that integrates cultural, architectural, historical, social and scientific values in a Heritage Charter of Malagueira. In addition it is proposed an articulation of augmented reality TICs, graphic design and heritage values. To comply with the first action of the project it is imperative to foster a close relationship with all drawing archives, in particular Drawing Matter (UK), Canadian Centre for Architecture (CA), Serralves and Caloustre Gulbenkian Foundation (PT) and with Câmara Municipal de Évora, local cooperatives and personal files (PT). The documentary framework consists of sketches, rigorous drawings and written texts that relate to both graphical and textual rethoric (Tostrup, H., 1996), provide relevance and context (Testa, P., 1984). These documents constitute the primary generator (Darke, J., 1979) research knowledge and are primordial to the classification values. Therefore, a network between archives and Álvaro Siza Vieira documentation ought to be accomplished and we must envision new ways of accessing and linking relevant information. In the Architectural Department (Departamento de Arquitetura, Escola das Artes, Universidade de Évora) some links have already been produced that constitute starting points to the project that has been approved. Exhibitions in 2016 (Malagueira : Álvaro Siza's Legacy), 2017 (MALAGUEIRA - 40 ANOS DEPOIS) and 2018 (SIZA: Uma Malagueira Plural) have integrated Drawing Matter material, master thesis research by students (João Galhardo and Miguel Gama) and other research work made in class by students (models, photographs, drawings). Visits to Malagueira provide context to the material in archive and empower the residents. A dialogue between archives and research is envisioned in a proficient and dynamic way, linking praxis (from Álvaro Siza Vieira) to academia, through research “into”, “throught” and “for” architecture (Frayling, C., 1993). The innovative nature of this proposal is demonstrated by the trans-disciplinary research and methodology proposed for its accomplishment by the concept of “research by design and the evidence of an in-depth investigation and inter-winding of research and teaching. Through this article we intend to explore these concepts, former accomplishments and discuss the challenges this project will face and overcome.CHAIA/UÉ [2018] - Ref.ª PTDC 2017 - PTDC/ART-DAQ/32111/201