PERBANDINGAN KINERJA ALGORITMA ID3 DAN C4.5 DALAM KLASIFIKASI SPAM-MAIL

Klasifikasi spam mail digunakan untuk memisahkan spam-mail dari non spam mail (legitimate mail). Klasifikasi spam mail berguna untuk menghemat waktu dan biaya yang digunakan untuk menghapus spam mail dari inbox. Untuk itu diperlukan metode yang paling baik untuk melakukan klasifikasi spam mail. Algoritma decision tree merupakan salah satu metode yang untuk klasifikasi spam mail. Algoritma decision tree telah banyak mengalami pengembangan. Algoritma ID3 dan C4.5 adalah salah satu pengembangan dari algoritma decision tree. Penelitian ini membandingkan kinerja dari dua algoritma tersebut dalam melakukan klasifikasi spam mail. Pengukuran dilakukan menggunakan sekelompok data uji untuk mengetahui persentase precision, recall dan accuracy. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan algoritma ID3 memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dibandingkan algoritma C4.5

Silicon-Modified rare-earth transitions - a new route to Near- and Mid-IR Photonics

Silicon underpins microelectronics but lacks the photonic capability needed for next-generation systems and currently relies on a highly undesirable hybridization of separate discrete devices using direct band gap semiconductors. Rare-earth (RE) implantation is a promising approach to bestow photonic capability to silicon but is limited to internal RE transition wavelengths. Reported here is the first observation of direct optical transitions from the silicon band edge to internal f-levels of implanted REs (Ce, Eu, and Yb); this overturns previously held assumptions about the alignment of RE levels to the silicon band gap. The photoluminescence lines are massively redshifted to several technologically useful wavelengths and modeling of their splitting indicates that they must originate from the REs. Eu-implanted silicon devices display a greatly enhanced electroluminescence efficiency of 8%. Also observed is the first crystal field splitting in Ce luminescence. Mid-IR silicon photodetectors with specific detectivities comparable to existing state-of-the-art mid-IR detectors are demonstrated

Psychiatric diagnoses and criminal convictions in youth: a population-based study of comorbidities of diagnoses

Background: Psychiatric diagnoses are important risk factors for criminal convictions, but few longitudinal studies have examined comorbidity patterns in relation to youth criminal convictions. Aim: To explore associations between specific psychiatric diagnoses (substance use disorder (SUD), ADHD, depression, PTSD, intellectual disabilities (ID), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)) and comorbidities of internalizing, externalizing, or neurodevelopmental diagnoses (NDD) in relation to risk of non-violent or violent criminal convictions in youth, including potential sex differences. Methods: Data on 1,411,538 individuals born in Sweden (1985–1998) were obtained from national population-based registers. Exposure was psychiatric diagnoses and outcome was criminal convictions between ages 15 and 20. Results: 17% of individuals had a psychiatric diagnosis, of whom 20% were convicted of a crime. All diagnoses, except ID and ASD, increased the risk of non-violent and violent crimes. Comorbidities of externalizing and internalizing diagnoses heightened the risk compared to single diagnoses. NDD increased the risk among SUD, depression, and PTSD, while NDD comorbid with another NDD decreased the risk for criminal convictions. Conclusion: Of the three comorbidity categories, externalizing disorders heightened risk the most, followed by internalizing disorders. This study highlights specific risk patterns for criminal convictions related to comorbidities, and to crime type and sex

Estimation of efficiency of the use of financial resources on enterprises

Стаття присвячена дослідженню теоретичних та практичних питань аналітичного забезпечення управління використанням фінансових ресурсів підприємств. Запропоновані комплексні показники оцінки даного процесуThe article is devoted to research of theoretical and practical questions of the analytical providing of management the use of financial resources of enterprises. The complex indexes of estimation of this process are offere