Escherichia coli infection induces mucosal damage and expression of proteins promoting urinary stone formation

The effect of urinary tract infection (UTI) on mucosal damage and production of proteins promoting urinary stone formation has not been elucidated. Osteopontin production, with associated mucosal damage due to UTI, may allow easier crystal retention and nucleation resulting in stone formation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that expression of osteopontin (OPN), OPN mRNA, TLR-4, JNK, TNFR-1, iNOS, HMGB-1, and apoptosis process is higher than normal at renal tubular cells due to urinary tract infection by Escherichia coli. Adult male New Zealand strain rabbits were used. Thirty New Zealand strain rabbits were divided into three groups. The first group acted as controls, the second group underwent ligation of right ureter, and the third group underwent ligation of right ureter and injection of Escherichia coli 105/ml proximal to ligation. Nephrectomy and histological examination were performed after 5 days. All groups were HE stained to examine mucosal damage, specific monoclonal antibodies for TLR-4, JNK, mRNA OPN, OPN, TNFR-1, iNOS and HMGB-1. Apoptotic nuclei were demonstrated using TUNEL method. Statistical calculations were performed using ANOVA test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that infection of urinary tract by Escherichia coli demonstrated higher expression of OPN, OPN mRNA, TLR-4, JNK, TNFR-1, iNOS, HMGB-1, apoptosis process and mucosal damage than normal. Infection of urinary tract by Escherichia coli caused higher than normal expression of promoter protein osteopontin and mucosal damage at renal tubular cells. These suggest that urinary infection may promote stone formation by mucosal damage and elevate promoter protein osteopontin at tubulus cell, allowing easier crystal retention and nucleation

THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN E (α-TOCOPHEROL) ADMINISTRATION ON GLOMERULUS AND PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULES DAMAGE WHICH RECEIVED CISPLATIN EXPOSURE ON SPRAGUE DAWLEY MICE

Objective: To analyze the protective effect of Vitamin E on cisplatin toxicity in Sprague Dawley mice nephrons. Material &amp; Methods: This is an experimental study using post-test only control group design, the subject was white male mice (Rattus Norvegicus) adult Sprague Dawley strain &nbsp;(10-12 weeks) of 24 rats divided into four groups. Negative control group (CN) got normal saline 0.9% intraperitoneal 1 cc, Positive control group (CP) got cisplatin 5 mg/kgBB, group P1 got vitamin E 50 mg/kgBB and Cisplatin 5 mg/kgBB, and P2 group got vitamin E 200 mg/kgBB plus cisplatin 5 mg/kgBB intraperitoneal. Cisplatin is conducted in the third week in each treatment group through intraperitoneal injection. Vitamin E &nbsp;is administrated per sonde for the first three weeks resumed on the fourth week to the seventh week. At the end of the seventh week, nephrectomy was performed on the treatment group to analyze the kidney damage.&nbsp;Histopathological observation is performed using a light microscope with a magnification of one hundred and four hundred times magnification. Results: Cisplatin administration resulted in significant tubular and glomerular damage compared to the control group. Increasing the dose of vitamin E in mice that received cisplatin resulted in significant nephron damage compared to the group who received cisplatin alone. Conclusion: Cisplatin administration results in nephrotoxicity in mice. The administration of high dose Vitamin E resulted in increased nephrotoxicity in mice that received cisplatin

THE EFFECT OF THE DURATION OF INHALED NICOTINE EXPOSURE TO THE NUMBER OF LEYDIG, SPERMATOGONIUM, AND SERTOLI CELLS ON THE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY STRAIN WHITE RATS

Objective: To analyze the differences of the number of Leydig, spermatogonium, and Sertoli&nbsp;cells in mice, after being given nicotine inhalation, and the effect of recovery when nicotine stopped. Materials &amp; Methods:&nbsp;This is experimental studies with a post-test only control group design. The sample used was 36 adult male mice (10-12 weeks) (Rattus Norvegicus) Sprague-Dawley strain, which were divided into three groups. P1 group was given nicotine inhalation at a dose of 4 mg/kg/day for 15 days, P2 group was given nicotine inhalation at a dose of 4 mg/kg/day for 15 days and was free of treatment for 15 days. The control group (NC) has no treatment at all.&nbsp;Histological examination and calculation of Sertoli cells, Leydig cell, and spermatogonium were processed within 1 hour after terticular sample collection. Then carried out to statistical analysis. 100x and 400x magnification is used to obtain the histopathological. Results:&nbsp;Post-hoc LSD test for each variable (Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatogonium), showed that the NC group had a significantly higher number compared to group P1. P2 group has a significantly higher number compared to group P1. There is no significant difference between the NC group and the P2 group. There was a structural difference in the sample testicles which exposed to nicotine. Conclusion:&nbsp;Nicotine exposure with a dose of 4 mg/kg/day for 15 days has a significant effect on decreasing the number of Leydig cells,&nbsp;spermatogonium cells, and Sertoli cells in rats and giving a free-treatment period for 15 days, giving the testis time to do recovery and regeneration (the reversible damage of testicular structure)

Efficacy And Safety of Lubricating Jelly Instillation to Prevent Retropulsion During Ureterolithotripsy For Ureteral Stones

Objective: We studied the efficacy and safety of lubricating jelly instillation before ureterolithotripsy for prevention of retropulsion and improvement in stone-free rate. Material & methods: We enrolled 22 subjects with ureteral stone in this prospective, randomized, single-blind and controlled clinical trial. Each subject was randomly assigned to the lubricating jelly instillation group (n=11) and control group (n=11). Ureteroscopy and lithotripsy was performed according the standard protocol, using 9.8 F semirigid ureteroscope and pneumatic lithotripter. A 6 F ureteral catheter was advanced beyond the stone, and lubricating jelly was instilled through the catheter lumen. Retropulsion and the presence of residual fragments were evaluated with plain kidneys, ureters and bladder x-ray and ultrasonography, or Non Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography. Any complication was reported and graded using the Modified Clavien Classification System.Results: The 2 groups had comparable preoperative characteristics. There were no statistically significant difference between the lubricating jelly instillation group and control group regarding the retropulsion rate (54.5% vs 72.7%, ρ=0.375), the stone-free rate (54.5% vs 36.4%, ρ=0.392), and the complication rate (45.5% vs 54.5%, ρ=0.670). Conclusion: Lubricating jelly instillation during ureterolithotripsy has limited value for prevention of retropulsion and improvement in stone-free rate

CHANGES IN ERECTILE FUNCTION BEFORE AND AFTER PROSTATE BIOPSY

Objective: To evaluate erectile function before and after transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy using International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and Erection Hardness Score (EHS) instrument. Material &amp; Method: We conducted a study on 17 BPH LUTS patients who underwent TRUS guided prostate biopsy from January to April 2011 in Urological Minimal Invasive Installation (IIU) Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Out of 17 patients, three patients had mild ED, while 14 other patients had normal erectile function before the procedure. After TRUS guided prostate biopsy, we performed erectile function assessment using the IIEF-5 and EHS at weeks I, II, and IV. Results: Pathological examination of all specimens from prostate biopsy results revealed BPH. There were 2 patients with hematuria and 1 patient with rectal bleeding shortly after the biopsy, which resolved spontaneously less than 24 hours. Based on the IIEF-5 there were 4 patients (23,5%) with decreased erectile function in the evaluation of first week after prostate biopsy, and it reduced to 2 patients (11,7%) whose erectile function was still decreasing in the evaluation week II, while in fourth week evaluation there was 1 patient (5,9%) with decreased erectile function. Based on EHS data obtained, there were 5 patients (29,4%) with decreased scores in evaluations week II, and in the evaluation of week IV there were no patients having erectile function problems compared with EHS data before prostate biopsy. Conclusion: TRUS guided prostate biopsy can have temporary effect on erectile function.Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, prostate biopsy, international index of erectile function-5, erection hardness score

The Difference of Pain Perception Between Ketoprofen Suppository and 1% Periprostatic Lidocaine Injection

Objective: To compare the pain control results of ketoprofen suppository and periprostatic injection of lidocaine 1% for prostate biopsy. Material & Method: A total of 30 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy were randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 patients received 200 mg of ketoprofen suppository. Group 2 received 1% periprostatic lidocaine injection. A visual analog scale was used to assess the pain score during prostate biopsy. Statistical analysis of pain scores was performed using independent t-test and Pearson correlation test. Results: The 2 groups were homogenous in age and prostate volume. There was significant difference in pain score among groups 1 and 2 during prostate biopsy (mean VAS ± SD 0,8 ± 0,8 and 4,5 ± 1,6 respectively, p < 0,0001). There was no significant correlation between pain perception with age (p = 0,779), or prostate volume (p = 0,389) in both groups. Conclusion: Periprostatic lidocaine injection is more effective for decreasing the pain for prostate biopsy compared to ketoprofen suppository

Stone-Free Rate Differences in Kidney Stones Patients With and Without Tamsulosin After ESWL

Objective: To determine whether the administration of tamsulosin, as adjunctive medical therapy, increases the efficacy of one session of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to treat renal stones. Material & Method: A prospective randomized placebo controlled study enrolled 21 patients. They underwent a single ESWL session to treat solitary radiopaque renal stones 4 to 20 mm in diameter. After ESWL, the study group (11) received 0,4 mg tamsulosin daily and the control group (10) received placebo until stone clearance or a maximum period of 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was stone-free rate and parameters were stone size and clearance time. Results: The overall stone-free rate was better in the study group than in the control group (90,9% vs. 60,0%). The clearance time after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks was greater in the study group than in the control group (36,4%; 63,6%; 72,7% and 90,9% vs 30,0%; 50,0%; and 60,0% respectively) but statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Clinically, the results of our study have demonstrated that tamsulosin therapy, as an adjunctive medical therapy after ESWL, is more effective than lithotripsy alone for the treatment of patients with renal stones

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pakar untuk Menentukan Penyakit Mulut dengan Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor

Dentistry graduates are required to treat patients with various diseases of mouth. A dentist who examined the patient should undertake a careful and thorough examination in order to determine the disease suffered by the patient. It is not always easy for the newly graduated dentists to deal with a wide variety of oral diseases. It is urgently needed a system that is able to facilitate the new dentist in diagnosing diseases of the mouth and how to follow up the disease. Based on the description of the problems, in this work we designed a web-based expert system application. The application is expected to help to overcome the problems of dentists who just completed his studies in diagnosing and following up on the patient\u27s natural disease. The expert system uses the certainty factor method to determine any symptoms experienced by the patient. The diagnosis is expected to produce a report to assist dentists in making a follow-up to the natural disease in the patient and save it into the database system. Based on the test results showed that the application of this expert system has the accuracy of 100% to indicate that the system is able to determine the type of oral disease. The accuracy of the results obtained from 10 test by a dentist

COMPARISON OF BLADDER CANCER CELLS APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY METFORMIN, CISPLATIN, AND COMBINATION OF METFORMIN-CISPLATIN: IN VITRO STUDY

Objective:&nbsp;To evaluate the effect of metformin, cisplatin, and their combination on apoptosis of bladder cancer cells.&nbsp;Material &amp;&nbsp;Methods:&nbsp;Urothelial cell lines 5637 were cultured until 80% confluence. Cells were exposed to metformin and cisplatin at certain doses for 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity test was carried out by calculating the viability of bladder cancer cells using the MTT assay until IC50&nbsp;of each drug was obtained. IC50&nbsp;Metformin and Cisplatin obtained from the cytotoxicity test were used to induce apoptosis in bladder cancer cells using TUNEL assay. Additional combination doses of Metformin and cisplatin used to induce apoptosis were ¼ IC50&nbsp;(metformin + cisplatin), ½ IC50&nbsp;(metformin + cisplatin), and IC50&nbsp;(metformin + cisplatin). Results:&nbsp;IC50&nbsp;of metformin was 15 uM while cisplatin was 18 uM with a 48-hour exposure. There was a difference in the mean value of the apoptosis index in all treatment groups compared to control except for the group exposed to IC50 metformin and ¼ IC50&nbsp;(metformin + cisplatin).&nbsp;Conclusion: Metformin administration solely is not able to increase bladder cancer cell apoptosis. Conversely, the administration of Cisplatin can significantly increase bladder cancer cell apoptosis. The combination of Metformin and Cisplatin can significantly increase bladder cancer cell apoptosis. The rate of apoptosis in line with an increase dose of the combination of these two drugs

EFFECTS OF X-RAY RADIATION EXPOSURE ON SPERM MOTILITY AND MORPHOLOGY CHANGES OF WISTAR STRAIN RATS

Objective:&nbsp;To analyze the differences of sperm motility and viability changes in Wistar Rats that exposed to X-ray radiation compared to Wistar Rats that were not exposed to X-ray radiation. Material and Methods:&nbsp;Experimental laboratory research within vivo design using Wistar strain rats as subjects. There are three treatment groups in this study: rats exposed to 50 mGy X-ray radiation, 100 mGy, and 200 mGy and one untreated control group. Radiation exposure was calibrated using the RTI Piranha dosimetry. After radiation exposure, at week 4, orchidectomy was performed in rats. Sperm analysis was carried out to determine sperm motility by direct observation and sperm viability by Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining observations using a light microscope. One Way ANOVA was used to compare motility and viability of rats spermatozoa in the treatment group compared to control group with a significant value of p&lt;0.05. The analysis was continued with a Post Hoc test to determine the differences in each group. Results:&nbsp;The percentage of motile sperm decreased in all treatment groups compared to control group (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in mean sperm motility on rats exposed to 200 mGy X-ray radiation compared to 100 mGy X-ray radiation (p&gt;0.05). Viability counts decreased in all treatment groups compared to control group (p&lt;0.05) and the spermatozoa viability in 200 mGy radiation group was not significantly different from 100 mGy group (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion:&nbsp;X-ray radiation exposure decreases sperm motility and viability in Wistar rats with the optimum doses 100 mGy