Access to justice and entrepreneurship: evidence from Brazil’s Special Civil Tribunals

Entrepreneurship is usually indentified as an important determinant of aggregate productivity and long-term growth. The determinants of entrepreneurship, nevertheless, are not entirely understood. A recent literature has linked entrepreneurship to the development of the justice system. This paper contributes to this literature by evaluating the role of access to justice in determining the incidence of entrepreneurship. We explore the creation of Special Civil Tribunals in the Brazilian state of São Paulo during the 1990s. Special Civil Tribunals increased the geographic presence of the justice system, simplified judicial procedures, and increased the speed of adjudication of disputes. Using census data, and difference-in-differences and instrumental variable strategies, we find that implementation of Special Civil Tribunals led to increased entrepreneurship, defined as the probability that individuals are employers or selfemployed. Results are particularly strong and robust for the case of self-employment, and do not seem to be related to other changes in infrastructure or public good provision at the local level, or to pre-existing trends in entrepreneurship.access to justice, courts, entrepreneurship, institutions, Brazil Jel Codes: K1, K41, K42, H41, O12, O17, O54

O incentivo de governo e de escolas à coprodução do Ensino Fundamental público por familiares de alunos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Gestão de Políticas Públicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração, 2017.Esta dissertação se propôs a identificar como o incentivo à coprodução da educação pública tem se dado pelo governo e escolas, e investigar a influência do perfil sociodemográfico da família nas formas de coprodução. Os incentivos foram levantados por meio de pesquisa documental acerca da legislação vigente, e de 10 entrevistas em profundidade com gestores escolares, com amostragem definida por saturação teórica. Os gestores escolares foram questionados quanto às formas de coprodução promovidas pelas escolas. Posteriormente, com o objetivo de identificar a influência do perfil de familiares de alunos nas formas pelas quais coproduziam e/ou estavam dispostos a coproduzir, foi realizado um survey com 269 familiares de alunos de diversas regiões administrativas do Distrito Federal, analisadas a partir de regressão linear e logística. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de maio e dezembro de 2016. Identificou-se um amplo aparato legislativo que incentiva a coprodução provendo benefícios aos familiares que apoiam os alunos no processo educativo, como o Programa Bolsa Família; mas pincipalmente definindo punições para os que não o fazem, como perda da tutela; e, ainda, garantindo ambientes de participação, como conselhos escolares e reunião de pais. As escolas buscam incentivar a coprodução com a utilização de políticas governamentais e promovendo aproximação de familiares com a escola, como eventos, mas também lançando mão de aparatos legais em casos de negligência, particularmente em relação à coprodução de suporte básico, forma de participação da família não identificada nos estudos realizados em países europeus. A pesquisa com familiares mostrou que a coprodução do tipo pedagógica é a mais frequente, seguida da coprodução social, e que não há diferença significativa entre a frequência da coprodução individual e a coletiva. A coprodução individual é influenciada principalmente pelo nível de instrução do familiar e pelos hábitos domésticos, em especial o hábito de leitura e teatro, indicando que políticas de incentivo à educação superior podem ter efeitos positivos na coprodução da educação básica, em especial no suporte econômico e pedagógico. Como contribuições, a pesquisa traz o entendimento de como a coprodução de serviços públicos ocorre em países em desenvolvimento, e de como o perfil do usuário do serviço impacta a coprodução da educação pública. Os resultados criam uma base sobre a qual políticas públicas de incentivo à coprodução podem ser formuladas e implementadas de forma mais consciente acerca de fatores relevantes à coprodução da educação pública por familiares de alunos.This study aims to identify how the government and schools has encourage the co-production of public education by, and to investigate the influence of the sociodemographic profile of the families of students in the forms of coproduction. The data gathering happened at the end of 2016. The incentives were identified through documentary research on the current legislation, and 10 in-depth interviews with school managers, using theoretical saturation as sampling method. The school managers were questioned about the forms of coproduction promoted by the schools. In order to identify the influence of the family profile of students in the forms of coproduction and / or were willing to coproduce, a survey was carried out with 269 families of students from different administrative regions of the Federal District, analyzed by linear and logistics regression. Has been identified a broad legislative apparatus that: encourages coproduction by providing benefits to family members who support students in the educational process, such as the Bolsa Família Program; defining punishments for those who do not, such as a loss of guardianship; end also ensuring participation environments, such as school councils and parents' meetings. The schools encourage coproduction by using government policies and bringing family members closer to the school, such as events, but using legal devices in cases of families´ negligence, especially in relation to the coproduction of basic support, a form of family participation unidentified in studies conducted in European countries. The survey conducted with students´ families has shown that pedagogical coproduction is the most frequent, followed by social coproduction, and that there is no significant difference between the frequency of individual and collective coproduction. Individual coproduction is influenced mainly by the level of education of the family member and by domestic habits, especially the habit of reading and going to theater, indicating that public policies to encourage higher education may positively effect on the coproduction of elementary education, especially in the economic and pedagogical. This study adds the understanding of how coproduction of public services occurs in developing countries, and how the user profile of service impacts the coproduction of public education. The results provide a basis on which public policies to encourage coproduction can be formulated and implemented

Can padel serve tourism

Sports tourism is a growing sector in Europe, with more tourists looking for unique and engaging sporting experiences. Padel has grown in popularity throughout Europe in recent years, making it an appealing option for sports tourists and enthusiasts. This thesis investigates the factors that make a padel club appealing to tourists visiting European countries as well as non­padel players. In this study, 202 TripAdvisor reviews from padel players were extracted and analyzed using a software called Leximancer. These reviews came from thirty padel clubs in five different European countries: Portugal, France, Spain, England, and Italy. Leximancer processes these reviews by transforming data into semantic patterns. The study identifies several key themes that contribute to the attractiveness of a padel club for tourists through a literature review and qualitative research, including "padel," "friendly," "club," "playing," "team," "recommend," "lessons," and "helpful." The findings suggest that investing in high­quality facilities and coaches, creating a welcoming and supportive environment, cultivating a sense of community among visitors, and positive recommendations from previous visitors can all improve a padel club's overall attractiveness to sports tourists. This study contributes significantly to the theory of sports tourism by elucidating the variables that affect the attractiveness of padel clubs to tourists in Europe. The findings can assist padel club’s managers and tourism organizations in developing strategies to improve the overall sports tourism experience and bring more tourists to European padel clubs.O turismo desportivo é um setor em crescimento na Europa, com cada vez mais turistas à procura de experiências desportivas envolventes. A popularidade do padel cresceu em toda a Europa nos últimos anos, tornando­se uma opção interessante para entusiastas do desporto. Esta tese investiga os fatores que tornam um clube de padel apelativo para turistas que visitam países europeus, bem como para não praticantes de padel. Neste estudo, 202 avaliações do TripAdvisor de jogadores de padel foram analisadas usando um software chamado Leximancer. Estas avaliações vieram de trinta clubes de padel em cinco países europeus diferentes: Portugal, França, Espanha, Inglaterra e Itália. O Leximancer processa essas opiniões transformando dados em padrões. O estudo identifica vários temas­chave que contribuem para a atratividade de um clube de padel para turistas através de uma revisão de literatura e pesquisa qualitativa, incluindo “padel”, “amigável”, “clube”, “jogar”, “equipa”, “recomendar”, "lições" e "utilidade". Estes temas sugerem que investir em instalações e treinadores de alta qualidade, criar um ambiente acolhedor, cultivar um sentido de comunidade entre os visitantes e recomendações positivas de visitantes anteriores podem melhorar a atratividade geral de um clube de padel para os turistas desportivos. Este estudo contribui para a teoria do turismo desportivo ao elucidar as variáveis que afetam a atratividade dos clubes de padel para os turistas na Europa. Os temas podem ajudar os gerentes de clubes e organizações de turismo a desenvolver estratégias para melhorar a experiência do turismo desportivo e trazer mais turistas para os clubes de padel europeus

The Programa Subsidio de Alimentos in Mozambique: Baseline Evaluation

The Food Subsidy Programme (Programa Subsidio de Alimentos, PSA) is the main basic social protection programme of the government of Mozambique in terms of coverage. It was established in 1990 to help the destitute elderly (women above 55 and men above 60), people living with a disability, the chronically sick and their dependants by providing a monthly cash transfer. The programme falls under the mandate of the Ministry for Women and Social Action (MMAS), while implementation is the responsibility of the National Institute for Social Action (INAS), the Ministry?s executing agency. By the end of 2008, the PSA covered 143,455 households with a total of 287,454 beneficiaries. The main direct beneficiaries were the elderly (93 per cent), followed by people living with disabilities (6 per cent) and the chronically ill (1 per cent). The general eligibility criteria are: age, residency for more than six months in the selected area, per capita earnings less than the minimum benefit on the PSA scale, and/or recognised by medical declaration to be chronically ill or living with a disability. Potential beneficiaries are selected by a local intermediary (known as a Permanente) chosen by the community and appointed by INAS, after which the application undergoes an approval process within the INAS delegation. Although the PSA is a national programme, it does not reach the entire eligible population and its coverage is unequally distributed across districts. This is the result of the absence of an expansion strategy based on poverty incidence and population density. Expansion of the PSA was initially restricted to urban areas in order to mitigate the effects of the post-war structural adjustment programme on the urban population (Low et al., 1999). Currently, expansion to remote rural areas is a programme priority. The programme?s administrative cost is considered high relative to the amount transferred to the beneficiaries (Ellis, 2007). Though the programme is the largest in terms of the number of beneficiaries, its coverage is low relative to the potential universe of beneficiaries. Expansion of the programme tends to diminish the administrative costs in relative terms. In 2008, the PSA underwent two important reforms. First, the subsidy scale increased. The subsidy amount for the first (direct) beneficiaries rose from 70 to 100 meticais (US$2.5 to US$3.6), and the additional benefit for dependants increased from 10 to 50 meticais (US$0.36 to US$1.80) per dependant up to four. The second reform was the greater focus on the inclusion of eligible dependants as indirect beneficiaries in the payment scheme, and the monitoring and evaluation system. Though it is a relatively old programme, it has never been evaluated before. An opportunity to conduct an evaluation has arisen in the context of the reforms. This Policy Research Brief seeks to improve knowledge of the PSA by presenting the first part of the PSA impact evaluation?that is, the summary of the baseline report.The Programa Subsidio de Alimentos in Mozambique: Baseline Evaluation

Debating Targeting Methods for Cash Transfers: A Multidimensional Index vs. an Income Proxy for Paraguay?s Tekoporã Programme

There is a lively global debate on how to target beneficiaries of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programmes. In this Evaluation Note we analyze alternative targeting methods for Paraguay?s CCT programme, Tekoporã. The major practical choice for Paraguay is between a multidimensional quality-of-life index and a proxy-means test for income. We focus on the efficiency and efficacy of these approaches by examining primarily the trade-off between leakage and coverage. Tekoporã is a CCT programme that is being scaled up in Paraguay. Like other recent CCT programmes, it was designed in the context of a national strategy for combating poverty, as part of the general effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Its pilot started in August 2005, covering 4,500 households in five districts of two departments. Tekoporã is gradually expanding and intends to cover 35 districts by 2008. These districts were selected from the pool of 66 districts that had been judged to have the most vulnerable populations, according to a scoring system based on a Geographical Prioritization Index (IPG). Tekoporã?s objective is to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty by means of the cash transfer and follow-up activities for beneficiary households. This follow-up consists of the monitoring of co-responsibilities (between beneficiaries and the programme) with regard to the supply and use of health and education facilities and the development of related family-support activities. (...)Debating Targeting Methods for Cash Transfers: A Multidimensional Index vs. an Income Proxy for Paraguay?s Tekoporã Programme

Achievements and Shortfalls of Conditional Cash Transfers: Impact Evaluation of Paraguay?s Tekoporã Programme

The International Poverty Centre (IPC), with the support of GTZ and UNFPA, has recently undertaken an impact evaluation of the pilot of Tekoporã, a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programme in Paraguay. Previously, IPC analysed the logical framework of this programme and its implementation challenges, and assessed its targeting mechanisms. This Evaluation Note presents a summary of the impacts of the programme on household behaviour and well-being, as reported in Soares et al. (2008). The evaluation of a pilot project can offer important inputs into the decision-making process on the feasibility of the scaling-up of the programme, the effectiveness of its design and the assessment of problems that limit its potential. The evaluation of Tekoporã shows positive impacts on per capita income and consumption, poverty reduction, school attendance, investment in agricultural production, access to credit, savings and social participation. Indeed, these results easily justify its scaling-up. However, the pilot has not been successful in reducing child labour or increasing child immunizations. Thus, addressing these aspects needs to be a key part of any redesign of the programme when it is scaled up. Tekoporã seeks to reduce extreme poverty by using direct cash transfers to poor households with children and diminish the potential for future poverty by encouraging investment in human and social capital. The programme intends to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty through investments in the health and education of children. The transfers are conditional on school attendance, regular visits to health centres and updating of immunizations. The programme also includes a family support initiative that, among having other effects, should increase the productive potential of the household and its social participation. (...)Achievements and Shortfalls of Conditional Cash Transfers: Impact Evaluation of Paraguay?s Tekoporã Programme

Altruism through experience - framework and experiment

The aim of this study is to investigate whether past experience affects ones altruism. Does having been poor makes a person more altruistic when rich, does her concept of fairness change as it gets richer? An adaption of the classic Public Goods Game with heterogeneous endowments was used for the purpose

Heidegger e Aristóteles: o fenômeno do mundo perante a argumentação lógica do mundo

O presente artigo articula a relação entre Heidegger e Aristóteles no desenvolvimento sobre o fenômeno do mundo (Welt) a partir do Livro IV da Metafísica. Na preleção de 1929-1930, Os conceitos fundamentais da metafísica, vislumbramos um caminho possível a ser percorrido que leva até o Livro IV da Metafísica aristotélica e ao debate com a tradição. Por consequência, o retorno para Ser e Tempo indica que o discurso adotado por Heidegger, na questão sobre o fenômeno do mundo, apresenta-se como uma tentativa de se distanciar dos enunciados lógicos da tradição a partir do motor imóvel aristotélico. Desse modo, enfatizamos dois pontos em Heidegger: 1) o seu resgate da tradição filosófica, ou seja, ele não destrói a tradição, pelo contrário, a filosofia heideggeriana e a construção de seus conceitos partem desse retorno; 2) a facilitação da compreensão do fenômeno de mundo em Ser e Tempo a partir da preleção de 1929-1930 e, por conseguinte, o motivo de nós voltarmos ao Livro IV da Metafísica de Aristóteles

Development of the innovation process in GN Netcom

CEMSThis Work Project is based on a Business Project that was conducted with Jabra, studying its project development delays. Currently, unstructured management practices in initial stages of new product development processes lead to excessive time spent in subsequent stages. Thus, the project focuses on studying those stages in-depth, and found that main drivers of project delays are Uncertainty and Accountability. This is in line with conclusions from academic literature, that also provides a link to the subject of Finance, describing how these issues lead to higher costs and reduced revenues. Finally, recommendations to tackle the causes of delays were drawn