The distribution of carbon and the demand of the fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas

RESP-893

On disc driven inward migration of resonantly coupled planets with application to the system around GJ876

We consider two protoplanets gravitationally interacting with each other and a protoplanetary disc. The two planets orbit interior to a tidally maintained disc cavity while the disc interaction indices inward migration. When the migration is slow enough, the more rapidly migrating outer protoplanet approaches and becomes locked in a 2:1 commensurability with the inner one. This is maintained in subsequent evolution. We study this evolution using a simple anaytic model, full hydrodynamic 2D simulations of the disc planet system and longer time N body integrations incorporating simple prescriptions for the effect of the disc on the planet orbits. The eccentricity of the protoplanets are found to be determined by the migration rate induced in the outer planet orbit by the external disc. We apply our results to the recently discovered resonant planets around GJ876. Simulation shows that a disc with parameters expected for protoplanetary discs causes trapping in the 2:1 commensurability when the planets orbit in an inner cavity and that eccentricities in the observed range may be obtained.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, submitted to A&A on 30/03/200

Closing Racial Disparity by Dismantling Constructs of Fear - A Practical Methodology for Learning to Swim

African American, Black, Hispanic, Latino, and low-socioeconomic communities have lower swimming ability and higher relative drowning rates than White and high-socioeconomic communities, distinguishing the former as high-priority populations to engage with effective learn-to-swim programming. This article demonstrates how prioritizing the reduction of fear-producing brain processes while learning to swim can result in 79.5% of high-priority population non-swimmers being able to jump into deep water, roll onto their backs and either float or tread for 60 seconds, and swim 25 yards after an average of 14 practice sessions. Practical explanations of four key components— water exploration, structured games, emulating coaches, and water safety education—are provided. Three real-world programming examples detail how the curriculum was structured and results for (1) a youth learn-to-swim program, (2) a high school program, and (3) a weekly day camp program

The grinch who stole wisdom

Dr. Seuss is wise. How the Grinch Stole Christmas (Seuss, 1957) could serve as a parable for our time. It can also be seen as a roadmap for the development of contemplative wisdom. The abiding popularity of How the Grinch Stole Christmas additionally suggests that contemplative wisdom is more readily available to ordinary people, even children, than is normally thought. This matters because from the point of view of contemplatives in any of the world's philosophies or religions, people are confused about wisdom. The content of the nascent field of wisdom studies, they might say, is largely not wisdom at all but rather what it's like to live in a particular kind of prison cell, a well appointed cell perhaps, but not a place that makes possible either personal satisfaction or deep problem solving. I believe that what the contemplative traditions have to say is important; they offer a different orientation to what personal wisdom is, how to develop it, and how to use it in the world than is presently contained in either our popular culture or our sciences. In order to illustrate this I will examine, in some detail, one contemplative path within Buddhism. Buddhism is particularly useful in this respect because its practices are nontheistic and thus avoid many of the cultural landmines associated with the contemplative aspects of Western religions

From Loom to Machine: Tibetan Aprons and the Configuration of Place

In this paper I examine how objects become connected to place in complex and contradictory ways. Over the past ten to fi fteen years, rapid transformations in Chinese manufacturing and transportation networks have signifi cantly altered the production, marketing, and consumption of commodities made in the Tibet Autonomous Region and traded in Kalimpong, India, and Kathmandu, Nepal. In an attempt to connect the ethnographic study of material culture with more macrolevel processes of geoeconomic change, I begin the piece with an examination of the changing production, materials, and styles of a very specifi c commodity, the Tibetan women’s apron. I then explore traders’ narratives about the values of handmade, machine-made, wool, and synthetic commodities, arguing that we ought to look beyond dichotomies of ‘old’ versus ‘new’ or ‘authentic’ versus ‘inauthentic’ objects to show in detail how the attachment of commodities to representations of place fi gures importantly in the contemporary study both of globalization and uneven development. Finally, I suggest that Karl Marx’s notion of dead labor is useful in analyzing the recent move towards the revitalization of Tibetan wool for both the domestic Chinese industry and the global tourist industry

The interaction of planets with a disc with MHD turbulence III: Flow morphology and conditions for gap formation in local and global simulations

We present the results of both global cylindrical disc simulations and local shearing box simulations of protoplanets interacting with a disc undergoing MHD turbulence with zero net flux magnetic fields. We investigate the nature of the disc response and conditions for gap formation. This issue is an important one for determining the type and nature of the migration of the protoplanet, with the presence of a deep gap being believed to enable slower migration. For both types of simulation we find a common pattern of behaviour for which the main parameter determining the nature of the response is $M_p R^3/(M_* H^3)$, with $M_p$, $M_*$, $R$, and $H$ being the protoplanet mass, the central mass, the orbital radius and the disc semi-thickness respectively. We find that as this parameter is increased towards 0.1, the presence of the protoplanet is first indicated by the appearance of the well known trailing wake which, although it may appear erratic on account of the turbulence, appears to be well defined. Once the above parameter exceeds a number around unity a gap starts to develop inside which the magnetic energy density tends to be concentrated in the high density wakes. This gap formation condition can be understood from simple dimensional considerations of the conditions for nonlinearity, and the balance of angular momentum transport due to Maxwell and Reynolds' stresses with that due to tidal torques. An important result is that the basic flow morphology in the vicinity of the protoplanet is very similar in both the local and global simulations. This indicates that local shearing box simulations, which are computationally less demanding, capture much of the physics of disc-planet interaction. Thus they may provide a useful tool for studying the local interaction between forming protoplanets and turbulent, protostellar discs.Comment: 20 pages, 28 figures (some colour), accepted for publication in M.N.R.A.S. with minor modification. A pdf version containing high resolution colour figures is available from http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~rpn/projects/mhd along with additional images and movies. A companion paper accepted without change by M.N.R.A.S. is also availabl

A Review of Interventions to Reduce Mechanical Restraint and Seclusion among Adult Psychiatric Inpatients

Objective: This review examines nature and effectiveness of interventions to reduce the use of mechanical restraint and seclusion among adult psychiatric inpatients. Method: Electronic searches were conducted to locate post-1960 empirical studies of restraint and seclusion reduction in English. A total of 36 studies were identified, mostly from the USA. Analysis was conducted using a structured data extraction tool. Results: The majority of studies reported reduced levels or mechanical restraint and/or seclusion, but the standard of evidence was poor. There were no randomised trials. Most were retrospective studies of official records before and after the intervention was introduced, with varying follow-up periods. The interventions were diverse, but tended to include one or more of the following: new restraint and/or seclusion policies, staffing changes, staff training, review procedures and crisis management initiatives. The research was unable to address which of these elements was most effective. There was also evidence that some improved outcomes were achieved by substituting restraint or seclusion for each other or for alternatives forms of containment (medication in particular). Nurses’ attitudes, skills and approach to patient care were absent from the literature. Conclusions: Interventions probably can reduce the use of restraint and seclusion, but better designed research is required to demonstrate their effectiveness conclusively. More attention should also be paid to understanding how interventions work, particularly from the perspective of nursing staff. This is essential to the successful implementation of restraint and seclusion interventions across different psychiatric settings and treatment populations