Tree species identity influences the vertical distribution of labile and recalcitrant carbon in a temperate deciduous forest soil

In terrestrial environments, soil organic matter (SOM) is the largest organic carbon (C) pool. The quantity and quality of organic carbon in soils can be affected by vegetation through influencing the inputs and outputs of SOM. We examined how storage and quality of C in SOM were affected by vegetation under grass cover or single and a polyculture plot of Betula pendula, Alnus glutinosa and Fagus sylvatica. An acid hydrolysis approach was used to quantify three SOM fractions differing in biodegradability. Tree species identity and stand composition had no significant effect on the total amount of C stored in different SOM fractions to a depth of one meter. However, when examining individual SOM fractions in the upper layers of the soil profile, significantly more C was stored in the putatively more labile fractions 1 and 2 under F. sylvatica and A. glutinosa, respectively. In deeper soil layers, the highest storage of recalcitrant organic C was found under the tree polyculture. The vertical distribution of these three soil organic C pools was compared to C inputs via decomposed leaf litter. Our data indicated that in the tree species polyculture, combining litter inputs of multiple species can have a positive impact on the accumulation of acid resistant recalcitrant C in deep soil layers in 4 years. This C fraction has the greatest potential for long-term sequestratio

Physical and Functional Properties of Intact and Ground Pale Broiler Breast Meat

The functional and physical properties of intact and ground meat were determined during 4 replicate trials on a total of 180 pale [lightness (L*) > 53] and normal (46 < L* < 53) boneless, skinless breast fillets collected from 2 commercial processing plants. At 24 h postmortem, L*, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and pH were determined on each fillet. The left fillet from each breast was ground and used to determine cook loss (CL) and Allo-Kramer (AK) shear on meat patties as well as moisture uptake (MU) and CL on meat slurries before and after adjustment to the normal meat pH of 5.9. The right fillet from each breast was kept intact and used to determine expressible moisture (EM), CL, and AK shear on the intact meat. Compared with normal fillets, pale fillets exhibited significantly higher L* values, lower ultimate pH (5.67 vs. 5.94), higher AK (3.5 vs. 2.9 kg/g), higher EM, lower MU, and higher CL measured on the intact fillets, ground meat patties, and meat slurries. Adjustment of the pH of the pale meat slurries to normal meat pH (5.9) resulted in a higher MU (11.05 vs. 3.69%), indicating a partial restoration of protein functionality. These results indicate that wide differences in raw broiler breast meat color, mainly due to differences in the muscle pH, are related to important variations in the water-holding and binding capacities of the meat. The effect of low meat pH can be partially ameliorated in ground meat by pH adjustment

Production of High-Purity 123-I for Clinical and Research Purposes

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant PHY 76-84033 and Indiana Universit

Low-Lying Excitations from the Yrast Line of Weakly Interacting Trapped Bosons

Through an extensive numerical study, we find that the low-lying, quasi-degenerate eigenenergies of weakly-interacting trapped N bosons with total angular momentum L are given in case of small L/N and sufficiently small L by E = L hbar omega + g[N(N-L/2-1)+1.59 n(n-1)/2], where omega is the frequency of the trapping potential and g is the strength of the repulsive contact interaction; the last term arises from the pairwise repulsive interaction among n octupole excitations and describes the lowest-lying excitation spectra from the Yrast line. In this case, the quadrupole modes do not interact with themselves and, together with the octupole modes, exhaust the low-lying spectra which are separated from others by N-linear energy gaps.Comment: 5 pages, RevTeX, 2 figures, revised version, submitted to PR

Electron Spin Injection at a Schottky Contact

We investigate theoretically electrical spin injection at a Schottky contact between a spin-polarized electrode and a non-magnetic semiconductor. Current and electron density spin-polarizations are discussed as functions of barrier energy and semiconductor doping density. The effect of a spin-dependent interface resistance that results from a tunneling region at the contact/semiconductor interface is described. The model can serve as a guide for designing spin-injection experiments with regard to the interface properties and device structure.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Elastic and Mechanical Properties of Human Dentin

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67340/2/10.1177_00220345580370041801.pd