Liver Proteomic Response To Hypertriglyceridemia In Human-apolipoprotein C-iii Transgenic Mice At Cellular And Mitochondrial Compartment Levels

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is defined as a triglyceride (TG) plasma level exceeding 150 mg/dl and is tightly associated with atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes and acute pancreatitis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mitochondrial, sub-mitochondrial and cellular proteomic impact of hypertriglyceridemia in the hepatocytes of hypertriglyceridemic transgenic mice (overexpressing the human apolipoproteinC-III). Methods. Quantitative proteomics (2D-DIGE) analysis was carried out on both "low-expressor" (LE) and "high- expressor" (HE) mice, respectively exhibiting moderate and severe HTG, to characterize the effect of the TG plasma level on the proteomic response. Results: The mitoproteome analysis has revealed a large-scale phenomenon in transgenic mice, i.e. a general down-regulation of matricial proteins and up-regulation of inner membrane proteins. These data also demonstrate that the magnitude of proteomic changes strongly depends on the TG plasma level. Our different analyses indicate that, in HE mice, the capacity of several metabolic pathways is altered to promote the availability of acetyl-CoA, glycerol-3-phosphate, ATP and NADPH for TG de novo biosynthesis. The up-regulation of several cytosolic ROS detoxifying enzymes has also been observed, suggesting that the cytoplasm of HTG mice is subjected to oxidative stress. Moreover, our results suggest that iron over-accumulation takes place in the cytosol of HE mice hepatocytes and may contribute to enhance oxidative stress and to promote cellular proliferation. 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The N- and C-termini of the tricarboxylate carrier are exposed to the cytoplasmic side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against two synthetic peptides corresponding to the N- and C-terminal regions of the rat-liver mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier. ELISA tests performed with intact and permeabilized rat-liver mitoplasts showed that both anti-N-terminal and anti-C-terminal antibodies bind only to the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane, indicating that both termini of the membrane-bound tricarboxylate carrier are exposed to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Furthermore, tryptic digestion of intact mitoplasts markedly decreased the binding of anti-N-terminal and anti-C-terminal antibodies to the tricarboxylate carrier. These results are consistent with an arrangement of the tricarboxylate carrier monomer into an even number of transmembrane segments, with the N- and C-termini protruding toward the cytosol

Activity and functional interaction of alternative oxidase and uncoupling protein in mitochondria from tomato fruit.

Cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase (AOX) is not limited to plant mitochondria and is widespread among several types of protists. The uncoupling protein (UCP) is much more widespread than previously believed, not only in tissues of higher animals but also in plants and in an amoeboid protozoan. The redox energy-dissipating pathway (AOX) and the proton electrochemical gradient energy-dissipating pathway (UCP) lead to the same final effect, i.e., a decrease in ATP synthesis and an increase in heat production. Studies with green tomato fruit mitochondria show that both proteins are present simultaneously in the membrane. This raises the question of a specific physiological role for each energy-dissipating system and of a possible functional connection between them (shared regulation). Linoleic acid, an abundant free fatty acid in plants which activates UCP, strongly inhibits cyanide-resistant respiration mediated by AOX. Moreover, studies of the evolution of AOX and UCP protein expression and of their activities during post-harvest ripening of tomato fruit show that AOX and plant UCP work sequentially: AOX activity decreases in early post-growing stages and UCP activity is decreased in late ripening stages. Electron partitioning between the alternative oxidase and the cytochrome pathway as well as H+ gradient partitioning between ATP synthase and UCP can be evaluated by the ADP/O method. This method facilitates description of the kinetics of energy-dissipating pathways and of ATP synthase when state 3 respiration is decreased by limitation of oxidizable substrate