Potential for hardware-based techniques for reuse distance analysis

Reuse distance analysis, the prediction of how many distinct memory addresses will be accessed between two accesses to a given address, has been established as a useful technique in profile-based compiler optimization, but the cost of collecting the memory reuse profile has been prohibitive for some applications. In this report, we propose using the hardware monitoring facilities available in existing CPUs to gather an approximate reuse distance profile. The difficulties associated with this monitoring technique are discussed, most importantly that there is no obvious link between the reuse profile produced by hardware monitoring and the actual reuse behavior. Potential applications which would be made viable by a reliable hardware-based reuse distance analysis are identified

Gα16, a G Protein α Subunit Specifically Expressed in Hematopoietic Cells

Signal-transduction pathways mediated by guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) determine many of the responses of hematopoietic cells. A recently identified gene encoding a G protein α subunit, Gα16, is specifically expressed in human cells of the hematopoietic lineage. The Gα16 cDNA encodes a protein with predicted Mr of 43,500, which resembles the Gq class of α subunits and does not include a pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation site. In comparison with other G protein α subunits, the Gα16 predicted protein has distinctive amino acid sequences in the amino terminus, the region A guanine nucleotide-binding domain, and in the carboxyl-terminal third of the protein. Cell lines of myelomonocytic and T-cell phenotype express the Gα16 gene, but no expression is detectable in two B-cell lines or in nonhematopoietic cell lines. Gα16 gene expression is down-regulated in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate to neutrophils with dimethyl sulfoxide. Antisera generated from synthetic peptides that correspond to two regions of Gα16 specifically react with a protein of 42- to 43-kDa in bacterial strains that overexpress Gα16 and in HL-60 membranes. This protein is decreased in membranes from dimethyl sulfoxide-differentiated HL-60 cells and is not detectable in COS cell membranes. The restricted expression of this gene suggests that Gα16 regulates cell-type-specific signal-transduction pathways, which are not inhibited by pertussis toxin

Personal Computer (PC) Program for Analysis of Embankments with Tensile Elements

UKSLOPE is a comprehensive, PC-based, slope stability computer program that can be used to design and analyze reinforced and unreinforced earth structures. The computer program consists of two parts: limit equilibrium models and a computerized method for determining the spacing, length, Md number of tensile reinforcement elements. The design of reinforcement elements generally follows guidelines developed by the Tensar® Corporation. However, some modifications and improvements to the original methods have been made. The slope stability analysis portion of UKSLOPE is based partly on the original mainframe version. The following are the main features of the program: UKSLOPE is an extremely user-friendly, menu-driven, computer program. Its Graphical User Interface offers a convenient way to input data and to analyze the results. The program can be used tor both design and analysis of earth structures . Both reinforced and unreinforced earth structures can be analyzed by the program . A vaiety of limiting equilibrium methods can be used for stability analysis. These models include newly developed statical/y consistent methods, which can be used to analyze both circular and noncircular failure surfaces, and also the traditional Bishop\u27s method. Four options are offered to simulate pore pressures in an unstable soil mass. These options cover most practical cases. Many example problems were considered in the research study. These examples were analyzed by both UKSLOPE and other computer programs. The results of the analyses show that UKSLOPE yields reasonable answers and can be used in practical applications

Computer Program for Analysis of Embankments with Tensile Elements

A generalized computer program for analyzing stability of earth structures reinforced with geosynthetics (geogrids, geotextiles etc.) was developed in this research study. The newly proposed computer program was built in such a way that a reinforced slope stability problem may be analyzed using a variety of limit equilibrium methods including Hopkins\u27, Morgenstern and Price\u27s, Bishop\u27s methods, Raulin\u27s perturbation method, as well as new perturbation methods proposed by the authors of this study. It was shown in the research study that two versions of the Bishop\u27s method were possible in the case of reinforced analyses: the traditionally used version referred to as incorrect Bishop\u27s method, and a version that strictly follows the philosophy of the original Bishop\u27s method referred to as correct Bishop\u27s method. A comprehensive analysis of different generic examples and case histories was undertaken in the research study using different limit equilibrium methods. It was shown that in an internal stability analysis of reinforced earth structures all statically consistent methods and Bishop\u27s correct method provide almost the same values for safety factors. Bishop\u27s incorrect method was found to significantly underestimate the factor of safety. It was also shown that the commonly used Tensar® design method tends to be conservative especially for steep slopes. In the case of overall stability of reinforced embankments on soft foundations, most methods led to some violation of admissibility criteria. The least violation of admissibility criteria was observed in a perturbation method proposed by the authors of this research study. Consequently, this method generally yields safety factors that are close to the right answers

The geological - Geophysical studies in petroleum geology for the efficiency increase of horizontal drilling

The study of physical - geological heterogeneities of geologic environments based on gravity and well logging surveys allow get the detailed characteristics of their structure and effectively solves the problems of petroleum geology. These data increase the effectiveness of hydrocarbon deposits detection in the Ural - Volga region and optimizes the horizontal wells direction. The successful results of the identification of thinning areas over the oil fields. These areas are effectively identified by high-precision gravity and characterized by the acceleration of the drilling process. Identification of high porosity areas in carbonate rocks, allocated by HGL and GR logs, which may be related to non-structural oil fields and be the targets for horizontal wells. Results of high-precision gravity measurements and interpretation of gravity anomalies allow detection of the sand lenses containing natural bitumen in the Permian strata. During the hydrocarbons extraction it is advised to carry out high-precision gravimetric measurements in monitoring mode, which will optimize horizontal drilling and increase its effectiveness. In solving these problems the authors methods of gravity anomalies interpretation are implemented. The geological reliability of decisions is confirmed by the well logs and laboratory data

Gravity prospecting in petroleum geology

The paper reviews the results of the rock density studies based on laboratory, logging and gravimetry data. It has been shown that major anomalous changes in the gravity field are due to lateral density variations adequately reflected in the block structure of the consolidated crust and in local structures of the sedimentary cover. The paper describes the gravity modelling technique that uses the density variations detected in the Earth's crust and permits the density modelling of geological environments and structures by Bouguer anomalies. It gives examples of successful gravity inversion solutions for the central portions of the Russian Plate and other regions of significant importance in oil and gas exploration. The paper also shows the high geological efficiency of gravity modelling used for studying the block structure of the consolidated crust and for exploring the local structures containing oil and gas fields

Innovative high-precision gravity prospecting technologies in petroleum geology and hydrocarbon exploration

This paper describes new opportunities offered by gravity prospecting for petroleum geology, presents the computer technologies developed by the author for the physical and geological characterisation of oil fields using high-precision gravity data and provides some oil and gas exploration case studies. The geological interpretation of the gravity field is often reduced to qualitative descriptions of low-accuracy transformed anomaly maps. The exploration recommendations that follow them are not usually justified by drilling. To make such research more effective, it is required to study density features, conduct dedicated gravity surveys and use efficient data interpretation techniques. Experimental rock gravity measurements made over many years have shown that the main anomalous mass sources in oil-bearing structures are vertical deconsolidated rock zones observed throughout sedimentary rocks. Such zones are observed as the largest gravity changes, an order of magnitude larger than those associated with density boundaries or oil or gas deposits. The gravity modelling technique developed by the author consists in the physical and geological modelling of exploration targets using direct gravity measurement data. Its 2D and 3D versions, in contrast to qualitative gravity anomaly interpretation techniques, provide quantitative analysis of geological structures in promising oil-bearing areas and deconsolidated zones. The resulting models can be of special interest in directional and horizontal drilling

Urban geophysics

The paper describes a new geophysical technique to be used under modern urban conditions. Time variations in physical fields allow the study of the impact of active geological processes on buildings and structures to proactively prevent their possible consequences. Some engineering and geological applications successfully implemented in the historic centre of Kazan are reviewed. © 2010, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers