Systematic review of the use of translated patient-reported outcome measures in cancer trials

Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used in clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of interventions. Inclusion of participants from different ethnic backgrounds is essential for generalisability of cancer trial results. PRO data collection should include appropriately translated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to minimise missing data and sample attrition. Methods Protocols and/or publications from cancer clinical trials using a PRO endpoint and registered on the National Institute for Health Research Portfolio were systematically reviewed for information on recruitment, inclusion of ethnicity data, and use of appropriately translated PROMs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders to explore barriers and facilitators for optimal PRO trial design, diverse recruitment and reporting, and use of appropriately translated PROMs. Results Eighty-four trials met the inclusion criteria, only 14 (17%) (n = 4754) reported ethnic group data, and ethnic group recruitment was low, 611 (13%). Although 8 (57%) studies were multi-centred and multi-national, none reported using translated PROMs, although available for 7 (88%) of the studies. Interviews with 44 international stakeholders identified a number of perceived barriers to ethnically diverse recruitment including diverse participant engagement, relevance of ethnicity to research question, prominence of PROs, and need to minimise investigator burden. Stakeholders had differing opinions on the use of translated PROMs, the impact of trial designs, and recruitment strategies on diverse recruitment. Facilitators of inclusive research were described and examples of good practice identified. Conclusions Greater transparency is required when PROs are used as primary or secondary outcomes in clinical trials. Protocols and publications should demonstrate that recruitment was accessible to diverse populations and facilitated by trial design, recruitment strategies, and appropriate PROM usage. The use of translated PROMs should be made explicit when used in cancer clinical trials

“So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy

Transformative artificially intelligent tools, such as ChatGPT, designed to generate sophisticated text indistinguishable from that produced by a human, are applicable across a wide range of contexts. The technology presents opportunities as well as, often ethical and legal, challenges, and has the potential for both positive and negative impacts for organisations, society, and individuals. Offering multi-disciplinary insight into some of these, this article brings together 43 contributions from experts in fields such as computer science, marketing, information systems, education, policy, hospitality and tourism, management, publishing, and nursing. The contributors acknowledge ChatGPT’s capabilities to enhance productivity and suggest that it is likely to offer significant gains in the banking, hospitality and tourism, and information technology industries, and enhance business activities, such as management and marketing. Nevertheless, they also consider its limitations, disruptions to practices, threats to privacy and security, and consequences of biases, misuse, and misinformation. However, opinion is split on whether ChatGPT’s use should be restricted or legislated. Drawing on these contributions, the article identifies questions requiring further research across three thematic areas: knowledge, transparency, and ethics; digital transformation of organisations and societies; and teaching, learning, and scholarly research. The avenues for further research include: identifying skills, resources, and capabilities needed to handle generative AI; examining biases of generative AI attributable to training datasets and processes; exploring business and societal contexts best suited for generative AI implementation; determining optimal combinations of human and generative AI for various tasks; identifying ways to assess accuracy of text produced by generative AI; and uncovering the ethical and legal issues in using generative AI across different contexts

Eating attitudes in young teenage girls: Parental management of "fussy" eating

A large number of young children are “fussy” about their eating, refusing particular foods. Several behavioral programs have been advanced for making those foods more desirable. However, these programs ignore the function that this fussiness can serve for the child. Children may refuse food as a way of asserting some control over their environment—for example, by changing their parents behavior. It is also not clear to what extent parental efforts to change children's eating patterns may lead to later difficulties associated with eating. This retrospective study examined the possibility that parents' use of behavioral approaches to food refusal might be related to the child's general food fussiness. Associations between recalled parental behaviors, child fussiness, and the child's eating behavior were examined in considering possible causation. In a sample of 92 teenage girls, it was found that positive and negative reinforcement were ineffective, while early reported use of modeling was related to the children's being mted as more fussy in later childhood. Food fissiness showed some association with eating patterns measured by the Bulimic Inueat@tory Test, supporting the clinical utility of investigating “ffirsJiness.” This outcome suggests that food fusiness should be treated not in isolation but in the context of family relations, and that parents should be aduised accordingly. Such treatment of fissiness may play an important role in the development of adult eatingpsychopathology

Hydrologic Data for Urban Studies in the Austin, Texas Metropolitan Area, 1978

This report presents the hydrologic data collected in the Austin urban area for the 1978 water year (Oct. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1978). To facilitate the publication and distribution of this report at the earliest feasible time, certain material has been included that does not conform to the formal publication standards of the U.S. Geological Survey.Waller Creek Working Grou