224-Gb/s Carrier-recovery-free Doubly Differential 2ASK-8PSK for Short-reach Optical Networks

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a carrier-recovery-free 224-Gb/s dual-polarization doubly differential (DD) two-amplitude/eight-phase shift keyed (2ASK- 8PSK) signal for 100-km fiber transmission with coherent detection. An 11-tap multi-symbol DD (MSDD) decoding scheme helps reduce the penalty caused by two differential operations in conventional DD decoding, allowing an optical signal-to-noiseratio (OSNR) improvement of 3.7 dB for DD QPSK and 4.3 dB for DD 16QAM. By employing such decoding, a frequency offset (FO) tolerance of 16 GHz has been achieved in a DD 2ASK-8PSK system for a BER of ~1×10-3. Compared with a 224-Gb/s 16QAM system employing conventional carrier recovery algorithms, the proposed system is more robust to FOs, and the FO tolerance range is only limited by the effective receiver bandwidth

86-GBaud subcarrier multiplexed 16QAM signal generation using an electrical 90 degree hybrid and IQ mixers

We experimentally demonstrate an aggregate 86-GBaud (over three sub-bands and one polarization) signal generation based on subcarrier multiplexing technique using IQ mixers, an electrical 90 degree hybrid, and diplexers. The electrical hybrid allows transmitter-side digital signal processing to be simplified to pulse shaping and digital pre-emphasis. We verified the configuration by testing the performance of an 86-GBaud Nyquist-shaped 16 quadrature amplitude modulation signal with differential bit encoding. The implementation penalty assuming 7% hard-decision forward error correction is reduced to 2 dB by utilizing a 31-tap decision-directed least mean square based multiple-input multiple-output equalizer for sideband crosstalk mitigation

Robotic milking implementation in the Sverdlovsk region

The research topic is relevant due to a high rate of the implementation of milking robots (automatic milking system, AMS) in Western Europe and in the Middle Urals. As of January 1, 2016, 21 milking robot systems of six different brands of foreign production were installed in the region. Milking robotics is used in small, medium and large enterprises (by the number of personnel), in contrast to Western Europe, where it is mainly used on the farms of family type. The article examines the socioeconomic causes of the introduction of robotics, as well as the impact of the use of robots to the economic indicators of milk production. The expert survey has revealed as the main reasons for the introduction of robotics, a desire to reduce the risks of personnel (45.5 %) and a shortage of staff (18.2 %). The analysis of the utilization efficiency of fixed assets in all organizations introduced robots has shown both a decrease of capital productivity after the introduction of milking robots for 15-60 % or more, and the reduce of the profit rate in 9 out of 11 of the analysed organizations because of the high capital intensity of robotics projects. The analysis of labour indicators and the net cost of milk is carried out in 45.5 % of organizations, where we have obtained the consistent results of the use of robotics. The authors have analysed the direct costs for the production of 1 quintal of milk. In a group of 5 companies, on a robotic farm, it is 5.1 % lower than in a conventional farm. The complexity of the production of milk on a robotic farm is lower by 48.7 %, and labour productivity per person is higher on 95.3 % than on conventional farms. The results of the study can be used as the recommendations for agricultural organizations to use robotics milking to reduce the deficit of staff and to minimize the impact of personnel risks on production results. The growth of the importance of the reasons for the introduction of milking robots and a high capital intensity of import robotics can justify the need for a national milking robotics.Рассмотрены социально-экономические причины внедрения робототехники, а также влияние использования роботов на экономические показатели производства молока в сельскохозяйственных организациях Свердловской области. Представлена динамика доильной робототехники и характеристика организаций, использующих роботов