WATER TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIVERSITY IN THE DEEPEST LAKES OF THE TUCHOLA FOREST AND THE KASHUBIAN AND BRODNICKIE LAKELANDS

This study presents the results of monthly examinations of the vertical distribution of water thermal structure (2008–2011) carried out over a four-year period in the deepest lakes located in the Kashubian and Brodnickie Lakelands and the Tuchola Forest1. Three lakes were selected for examination (Raduńskie Górne, Zbiczno and Ostrowite). Their maximum depths slightly exceed 40 m, and their surface areas range from 121 to 362.5 ha. The results of the measurements show that, despite only minor differences in depth, water temperature varied significantly between the studied lakes. These differences were mainly apparent in the extent of the epilimnion, water thermal stratification, and in the water temperature in the bottom-most layers in summer and winter. The diversity in thermal stratification of the lakes is mainly determined by their morphometric properties, their location above sea level, and the dynamic influences of winds

Edukacja medyczna w Polsce a pandemia COVID-19 – szanse i zagrożenia

The article presents the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education in Poland, with particular emphasis on the analysis of opportunities and threats resulting from the current pandemic situation. The main part of the article presents the problems of medical education in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic both in specific and in general - global dimensions. As it turns out, some of the problems associated with medical education in times of pandemics have an universal character.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na edukację medyczną w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem analizy szans oraz zagrożeń wynikających z obecnej sytuacji pandemicznej. W części głównej artykułu zostały przedstawione problemy edukacji medycznej w dobie pandemii COVID-19 zarówno w wymiarze szczegółowym, jak i ogólnym – globalnym. Jak się bowiem okazuje, część problemów związanych z edukacją medyczną w czasach pandemii ma charakter uniwersalny

Towards to the mind-body problem

The mind-body problem is one of the most difficult challenges of modern science. An interesting attempt at providing a reductionist model of reality was made in the 18th century by Ruder Josip Bošković. The attractiveness of this model lies in the fact that it does not readily fit into any of the above categorizations. Although frequently associated with the third - a fact that laid it open to violent criticism, causing the philosopher serious trouble - it stands apart as an independent theory. For, according to Bošković, reality is neither material nor spiritual. Nor is it a union of both of these orders.The mind-body problem is one of the most difficult challenges of modern science. An interesting attempt at providing a reductionist model of reality was made in the 18th century by Ruder Josip Bošković. The attractiveness of this model lies in the fact that it does not readily fit into any of the above categorizations. Although frequently associated with the third - a fact that laid it open to violent criticism, causing the philosopher serious trouble - it stands apart as an independent theory. For, according to Bošković, reality is neither material nor spiritual. Nor is it a union of both of these orders

Trust and its meaning within the patient-doctor relationship in chosen codes of medical ethics

In all the codes of ethics discussed here, the relationship of mutual trust is of great importance. If it arises, then it should certainly be actively cared for by the doctor. However, if it is absent, the doctor faces a dilemma: should contact with the patient be maintained at any cost? As I have shown, codes of ethics handle this situation, in which the relationship of mutual trust is somehow impaired, in various ways. The proposed answer to this question can therefore also vary. This is due to the fact that ethics is a set of rules operating "from within", which makes it different from the law. It would be absurd to claim that the standards of the Czech code of medical ethics apply solely to Czechs, while those of the Codex Deontologicus solely to Italians. One is a doctor not only always, but also everywhere. In the end, it is doctors who decide, according to their conscience, if their actions (in this case discontinuing treatment due to lack of mutual trust) are right or not. The criterion for rightness here is the best interest of the patient. However, the decision to discontinue treatment should be of a procedural nature. Only when a doctor has decided that all attempts to restore this relationship have failed, and when a more or less objective justification for cutting ties with the patient can be found, should the patient be handed over to another doctor

Zastosowanie koncepcji etyki niezależnej w zawodzie lekarza

The aim of this article is to show that the model of independent ethics, which was suggested by Tadeusz Kotarbinski, can be applied in the medical profession. After a short outline of Kotarbinski’s conception, the idea of doctor is confronted with an attitude of reliable guardian. The next part is the comparative analysis of the Polish Code of the Medical Ethics settlements and theses of independent ethics.Artykuł ma na celu wykazanie, że model etyki niezależnej zaproponowany przez Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego może być stosowany w zawodzie lekarza. Po krótkim zarysie koncepcji Kotarbińskiego następuje skonfrontowanie ideału lekarza z postawą opiekuna spolegliwego. Kolejna część to analiza porównawcza zapisów Kodeksu Etyki Lekarskiej z tezami etyki niezależnej

Demographics, practice patterns, job satisfaction, and career plans of endocrinologists in Poland

Introduction: In view of dynamic ageing of the Polish population, there will be increasing demand for health services, including endocrinology services. The demand for endocrinology services is already high, with long waiting times for consultations as one of its indicators. Human resources — in this case doctors specialised in endocrinology — are key in meeting those needs. In this regard, it is worth defining the professional situation of endocrinologists in Poland. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge about the professional status of endocrinologists in Poland, i.e. their social and demographic characteristics, general job characteristics and characteristics of their work with a patient, job satisfaction, income, and career plans. Material and methods: The material consisted of data from 197 surveys from physicians specialising in endocrinology. Analysis of the material was quantitative and was performed using STATISTICA 13.1 software (STATSOFT, Tulsa, OK, United States). Results: A doctor with a specialisation in endocrinology in Poland is usually a woman below the age of 50 years living in a large city. In addition to the specialisation in endocrinology, they usually have a specialisation in internal medicine and they combine work in public health care with work in private care, which ensures high financial status. In an average working week of 45 hours, they admit an average of 100 patients, spending about one-fifth of their time on administrative activities. Despite the heavy workload limiting their work-life balance and average employment conditions, they report relatively high job satisfaction. Although they aim to work until the age of 70 years, they plan to reduce the amount of time spent at work. Conclusions: Further constant monitoring of job characteristics and job satisfaction of endocrinologists is needed to improve human resources planning and management

A systematic analysis of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics

The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of the history which led to the creation of the current structure of the self-regulatory professional body of physicians and dentists, the nature of the professional activities and practice of physicians, as well as an analysis of the legal basis for the adoption of the Code of Medical Ethics. This allows us to draw a series of conclusions as to the influence of the existence of the professional self-regulatory body of physicians on the functioning of the Polish health service

Critical analysis of the Code of Medical Ethics

The wording of this article raises fundamental doubts. Since the physician should also strive of obtain the consent of a minor, the question arises as to who else they should obtain it from? Or in fact who, in the case of a minor, should agree to the provision of healthcare. The main part of this article is a critical analysis of articles of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics

Using neural networks to examine trending keywords in Inventory Control

Inventory control is one of the key areas of research in logistics. Using the SCOPUS database, we have processed 9,829 articles on inventory control using triangulation of statistical methods and machine learning. We have proven the usefulness of the proposed statistical method and Graph Attention Network (GAT) architecture for determining trend-setting keywords in inventory control research. We have demonstrated the changes in the research conducted between 1950 and 2021 by presenting the evolution of keywords in articles. A novelty of our research is the applied approach to bibliometric analysis using unsupervised deep learning. It allows to identify the keywords that determined the high citation rate of the article. The theoretical framework for the intellectual structure of research proposed in the studies on inventory control is general and can be applied to any area of knowledge

Structural analysis of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics

In this article is described the structural analysis of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics. It is presented in the context of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland; it is also analysed the scope of the Code of Medical Ethics