THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ) AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION SKILL IN THE FIRST GRADE AT MAN 1 TULUNGAGUNG IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2016/2017

ABSTRACT Suryati, Ani. Student Registered Number. 2813133007. 2017. The Correlation between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Students’ Reading Comprehension Skill in The First Grade at MAN 1 Tulungagung in Academic Year 2016/2017. Sarjana Thesis. English Education Department. Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training. State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Tulungagung. Advisor: Faizatul Istiqomah, M.Ed. Keywords: correlation, IQ, reading comprehension skill Intelligence is one internal factor that influences the learning process. Reading activity in learning process requires the students’ thinking to achieve the goal of study. The thinking process can be seen from the students’ intelligence when face the problem of reading text. So, the process of reading comprehension involved the human intelligence to get the right information of the text. The formulation of this research is: “Is there any correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) and students’ reading comprehension skill?”. Furthermore, the purpose of this research is to find out whether there is correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) score and students’ reading comprehension or not. This research uses correlation design with quantitative approach. The population is this research is the first grade of MAN 1 Tulungagung totaled 341 students. The number of sample is 24 students determined using cluster sampling system. The variables were examined in this research is intelligence quotient (IQ) as independent variable (X) and students’ reading comprehension skill as independent variable (Y) also, because correlation study is a association relationship. The research instrument conducted through test and IQ’s documentation. While the method in data collection uses administering test, and asking the IQ’s documentation from the school. Technique of data analysis in this research in calculating correlation coefficient using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Formula Technique through SPSS 16.0 for windows. The result of this study showed a mean score of students’ IQ is 131.79 and a mean score of students’ reading comprehension skill is 83.00. This research has positive correlation. Based on the calculating correlation coefficient, this research has moderate correlation, because the correlation coefficient score is 0.510. Analysis of data through calculating using Pearson Product Moment Formula by SPSS 16.0 for windows, the data indicated that the sig. (2 tailed) score 0.011 is lower than level of significant (0.05) it means that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and automatically the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It can be concluded that there is moderate correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) and students’ reading comprehension skill of science acceleration class in the first grade of MAN 1 Tulungagung

The inclusion of sprints in low-intensity sessions during the transition period of elite cyclists improves endurance performance 6 weeks into the subsequent preparatory period

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Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants of Sprint Ability Following Variable Intensity Exercise When Roller Ski Skating

The most common race format in cross-country (XC) skiing is the mass-start event, which is under-explored in the scientific literature. To explore factors important for XC skiing mass-starts, the main purpose of this study was to investigate physiological and biomechanical determinants of sprint ability following variable intensity exercise when roller ski skating. Thirteen elite male XC skiers performed a simulated mass-start competition while roller ski skating on a treadmill. The protocol consisted of an initial 21-min bout with a varying track profile, designed as a competition track with preset inclines and speeds, directly followed by an all-out sprint (AOS) with gradually increased speed to rank their performance. The initial part was projected to simulate the “stay-in-the-group” condition during a mass-start, while the AOS was designed to assess the residual physiological capacities required to perform well during the final part of a mass-start race. Cardiorespiratory variables, kinematics and pole forces were measured continuously, and the cycles were automatically detected and classified into skating sub-techniques through a machine learning model. Better performance ranking was associated with higher VO2Max (r = 0.68) and gross efficiency (r = 0.70) measured on separate days, as well as the ability to ski on a lower relative intensity [i.e., %HRMax (r = 0.87), %VO2Max (r = 0.89), and rating of perceived exertion (r = 0.73)] during the initial 21-min of the simulated mass-start (all p-values < 0.05). Accordingly, the ability to increase HR (r = 0.76) and VO2 (r = 0.72), beyond the corresponding values achieved during the initial 21-min, in the AOS correlated positively with performance (both p < 0.05). In addition, greater utilization of the G3 sub-technique in the steepest uphill (r = 0.69, p < 0.05), as well as a trend for longer cycle lengths (CLs) during the AOS (r = 0.52, p = 0.07), were associated with performance. In conclusion, VO2Max and gross efficiency were the most significant performance-determining variables of simulated mass-start performance, enabling lower relative intensity and less accumulation of fatigue before entering the final AOS. Subsequently, better performance ranking was associated with more utilization of the demanding G3 sub-technique in the steepest uphill, and physiological reserves allowing better-performing skiers to utilize a larger portion of their aerobic potential and achieve longer CLs and higher speed during the AOS

The Effect of Different High-Intensity Periodization Models on Endurance Adaptations

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Oxygen consumption in cycling: The difference between the whole body and the local muscles

Introduction: Oxygen consumption during exercise has been extensively studied with the focus primarily on whole body oxygen consumption (tVO2). The purpose of this thesis was to use Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to compare tVO2 to oxygen consumption in the local muscles (mVO2) at increasing work rate. Method: 18 male cyclists performed an incremental cycling test until exhaustion. tVO2 was measured through pulmonary gas exchange and mVO2 was measured using NIRS in combination with arterial occlusion (AO). mVO2 was measured in the vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles. Results: tVO2 showed an linear increase with increasing work rate. However, tVO2 showed an initially faster increase followed by a slower increase with increased work rate when compared to tVO2. No increase in cadence was seen with increasing work rate. Discussion: The main finding was a significant different effect of work rate on mVO2 and tVO2. The steep increase in mVO2 during low intensity exercise found in the present study indicates that the VM and VL muscles are activated at an early stage during increasing intensity. The results from the present study indicate that there are differences between what happens in the local muscle and what is observed when looking at the whole body. The increase in work rate with no observed increase in cadence may indicate increased intramuscular pressure which may occlude blood flow in the muscle and thus be part of the reason for the decrease in mVO2 seen at high intensity. Conclusion: This study shows that care should be taken with results from tVO2 for practical application because the mechanisms at the local level are more complex and deviate substantially from that what you can derive from whole body measurements. Key words: Near-infrared spectroscopy, cycling, local muscle VO2, mVO2, whole body VO2, tVO2, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

On the effect of changing handgrip position on joint specific power and cycling kinematics in recreational and professional cyclists.

IntroductionIn cycling, the utilization of the drops position (i.e. the lowest handlebar position relative to the ground) allows for reduced frontal area, likely improved aerodynamics and thus performance compared to the tops (i.e. the position producing the most upright trunk). The reduced trunk angle during seated submaximal cycling has been shown to influence cardiorespiratory factors but the effects on pedalling forces and joint specific power are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changing handgrip position on joint specific power and cycling kinematics at different external work rates in recreational and professional cyclists.MethodNine professional and nine recreational cyclists performed cycling bouts using three different handgrip positions and three external work rates (i.e. 100W, 200W and external work rate corresponding to the lactate threshold (WRlt)). Joint specific power was calculated from kinematic measurements and pedal forces using 2D inverse dynamics.ResultsWe found increased hip joint power, decreased knee joint power and increased peak crank torque for the professional cyclist compared to the recreational cyclists, but only at WRlt where the professional cyclists were working at a higher external work rate. There was no main effect of changing handgrip position on any joint, but there was a small interaction effect of external work rate and handgrip position on hip joint power contribution (Generalized eta squared (ηg2) = 0.012). At 100W, changing handgrip position from the tops to the drops decreased the hip joint contribution (-2.0 ± 3.9 percentage points (pct)) and at the WRlt, changing handgrip position increased the hip joint power (1.6 ± 3.1 pct). There was a small effect of handgrip position with the drops leading to increased peak crank torque (ηg2 = 0.02), increased mean dorsiflexion (ηg2 = 0.05) and increased hip flexion (ηg2 = 0.31) compared to the tops.DiscussionThe present study demonstrates that there is no main effect of changing handgrip position on joint power. Although there seems to be a small effect on hip joint power when comparing across large ranges in external work rate, any potential negative performance effect would be outweighed by the aerodynamic benefit of the drops position

Comparison of Peak Oxygen Uptake and Test-Retest Reliability of Physiological Parameters between Closed-End and Incremental Upper-Body Poling Tests

Objective: To compare peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the test-retest reliability of physiological parameters between a 1-min and a 3-min closed-end and an incremental open-end upper-body poling test.Methods: On two separate test days, 24 healthy, upper-body trained men (age: 28.3 ± 9.3 years, body mass: 77.4 ± 8.9 kg, height: 182 ± 7 cm) performed a 1-min, a 3-min and an incremental test to volitional exhaustion in the same random order. Respiratory parameters, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and power output were measured. VO2peak was determined as the single highest 30-s average. Relative reliability was assessed with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2, 1) and absolute reliability with the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC).Results: The incremental (3.50 ± 0.46 L·min−1 and 45.4 ± 5.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) and the 3-min test (3.42 ± 0.47 L·min−1 and 44.5 ± 5.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) resulted in significantly higher absolute and body-mass normalized VO2peak compared to the 1-min test (3.13 ± 0.40 L·min−1 and 40.4 ± 5.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) (all comparisons, p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, the incremental test resulted in a significantly higher VO2peak as compared to the 3-min test (p &lt; 0.001). VO2peak was significantly higher on day 1 than day 2 for the 1-min test (p &lt; 0.05) and displayed a trend toward higher values on day 2 for the incremental test (p = 0.07). High and very high ICCs across all physiological parameters were found for the 1-min (0.827–0.956), the 3-min (0.916–0.949), and the incremental test (0.728–0.956). The SDC was consistently small for HR (1-min: 4%, 3-min: 4%, incremental: 3%), moderate for absolute and body-mass normalized VO2peak (1-min: 5%, 3-min: 6%, incremental: 7%) and large for BLa (1-min: 20%, 3-min: 12%, incremental: 22%).Conclusions: Whereas both the 3-min and the incremental test display high relative reliability, the incremental test induces slightly higher VO2peak. However, the 3-min test seems to be more stable with respect to day-to-day differences in VO2peak. The 1-min test would provide a reliable alternative when short test-duration is desirable, but is not recommended for testing VO2peak due to the clearly lower values

On the effect of changing handgrip position on joint specific power and cycling kinematics in recreational and professional cyclists

Introduction In cycling, the utilization of the drops position (i.e. the lowest handlebar position relative to the ground) allows for reduced frontal area, likely improved aerodynamics and thus performance compared to the tops (i.e. the position producing the most upright trunk). The reduced trunk angle during seated submaximal cycling has been shown to influence cardiorespiratory factors but the effects on pedalling forces and joint specific power are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changing handgrip position on joint specific power and cycling kinematics at different external work rates in recreational and professional cyclists. Method Nine professional and nine recreational cyclists performed cycling bouts using three different handgrip positions and three external work rates (i.e. 100W, 200W and external work rate corresponding to the lactate threshold (WRlt)). Joint specific power was calculated from kinematic measurements and pedal forces using 2D inverse dynamics. Results We found increased hip joint power, decreased knee joint power and increased peak crank torque for the professional cyclist compared to the recreational cyclists, but only at WRlt where the professional cyclists were working at a higher external work rate. There was no main effect of changing handgrip position on any joint, but there was a small interaction effect of external work rate and handgrip position on hip joint power contribution (Generalized eta squared (ηg2) = 0.012). At 100W, changing handgrip position from the tops to the drops decreased the hip joint contribution (-2.0 ± 3.9 percentage points (pct)) and at the WRlt, changing handgrip position increased the hip joint power (1.6 ± 3.1 pct). There was a small effect of handgrip position with the drops leading to increased peak crank torque (ηg2 = 0.02), increased mean dorsiflexion (ηg2 = 0.05) and increased hip flexion (ηg2 = 0.31) compared to the tops. Discussion The present study demonstrates that there is no main effect of changing handgrip position on joint power. Although there seems to be a small effect on hip joint power when comparing across large ranges in external work rate, any potential negative performance effect would be outweighed by the aerodynamic benefit of the drops position

Joint specific power production in cycling: The effect of cadence and intensity

Background The effect of cadence and work rate on the joint specific power production in cycling has previously been studied, but research has primarily focused on cadences above 60 rpm, without examining the effect of low cadence on joint contribution to power. Purpose Our purpose was to investigate joint specific power production in recreational and elite cyclists during low- and moderate cycling at a range of different cadences. Methods 18 male cyclists (30.9 ± 2.7 years with a work rate in watt at lactate threshold of 282.3 ± 9.3 W) performed cycling bouts at seven different pedalling rates and three intensities. Joint specific power was calculated from kinematic measurements and pedal forces using inverse dynamics at a total of 21 different stages. Results A main effect of cadence on the relative to the total joint power for hip-, knee- and ankle joint power was found (all p < 0.05). Increasing cadence led to increasing knee joint power and decreasing hip joint power (all p < 0.05), with the exception at low cadence (<60 rpm), where there was no effect of cadence. The elite cyclists had higher relative hip joint power compared to the recreational group (p < 0.05). The hip joint power at moderate intensity with a freely chosen cadence (FCC) was lower than the hip joint power at low intensity with a low cadence (<60 rpm) (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that there is an effect of cadence on the hip- and knee joint contribution in cycling, however, the effect only occurs from 60 rpm and upward. It also demonstrates that there is a difference in joint contribution between elite- and recreational cyclists, and provide evidence for the possibility of achieving higher relative hip joint power at low intensity than moderate intensity by altering the cadence