Analiza haplotipova genski polimorfnog hormona rasta američke vidrice (Neovison vison) pomaže objasniti razloge za njihovu vezanu neravnotežu i razlikovanje po predcima.

Haplotypes of the American mink (Neovison vison) growth hormone gene, phased from diploid multilocus genotypes of 389 individuals, were analysed. Forty-four different haplotypes, for 14 detected polymorphic loci, were identified. Significant gametic disequilibrium occurs in the case of four variable sites, with a correlation coefficient ranging from 50% to 94%. Four haplotype blocks were defined. The results of the D-statistics, conducted for the studied population, suggest that the observed linkage disequilibrium was caused by limited migration and genetic drift. Moreover, the described LD indicates a relatively low frequency of recombination events between variable loci of the American mink growth hormone gene. The developed cladogram reveals the existence of two distinctly different and internally consistent clades, which may indicate the existence of two main patterns of ancestral haplotypes, from which all the others derived. Moreover, the internal structure of the cladogram reveals their clear hierarchical arrangement, which allowed to draw conclusions regarding the origin-relationships of the identified haplotypes.Kod 389 američkih vidrica (Neovison vison) analizirani su haplotipovi gena za hormone rasta. Od diploidnih multilokusnih genotipova, među kojima je utvrđeno 14 polimorfnih lokusa, identificirana su 44 različita haplotipa. Signifikantna neravnoteža gameta javlja se u slučaju 4 varijabilna mjesta, s koeficijentom korelacije u rasponu od 50% do 94%. Definirana su 4 haplotip bloka. Rezultati D-statistike za istraženu populaciju upućuju da su opažene vezane neravnoteže uzrokovane ograničenom migracijom i genskim pomakom. Osim toga, opisana vezana neravnoteža pokazuje relativno nisku učestalost rekombinacija između varijabilnih genskih lokusa za hormon rasta američke vidrice. Konstruirani kladogram otkriva postojanje dviju potpuno različitih i unutar sebe konzistentnih kladi, što može ukazivati na dva glavna obrasca za haplotipove predaka, od kojih su izvedeni svi drugi haplotipovi. Također, unutarnja građa kladograma otkriva njihov jasan hijerarhijski raspored, što omogućuje zaključke o podrijetlu odnosa između utvrđenih haplotipova

A meta-analytical investigation of the gap between measured and predicted inter-population genetic diversity in species of high conservation concern - the case of the critically endangered European mink Mustela lutreola L., 1761

Although properly designed sampling in population genetic studies is of key importance for planning evidence-informed conservation measures, sampling strategies are rarely discussed. This is the case for the European mink Mustela lutreola, a critically endangered species. In order to address this problem, a meta-analysis aiming to examine the completeness of mtDNA haplotype sampling in recent studies of M. lutreola inter-population genetic diversity was conducted. The analysis was performed using the sample-size-based rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curve method for three populations—the Northeastern (Russia, Belarus and Estonia), the Western (France and Spain), and the Southeastern (Romania). The extrapolated values of the Shannon–Wiener index were determined, assuming full sample coverage. The gap between the measured and predicted inter-population genetic diversity was estimated, indicating that the identified level of sample coverage was the lowest for the NE population (87%), followed by the SE population (96%) and the W population (99%). A guide for sampling design and accounting for sampling uncertainty in future population genetic studies on European mink is provided. The relatively low sample coverage for the Russian population clearly indicates an urgent need to take conservation measures for European mink in this country

When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment

Introduction: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a common phenomenon. Its prevalence in society ranges from 1% to 60%. Yet, there are no specific diagnostic criteria or effective screening tests. Moreover, orthorexia does not appear in any of the available international psychiatric classifications such as the ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) and DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Due to this fact many people remain undiagnosed, which significantly affects their standard of living, and later puts a strain on the health care system. Material and method: The article is based on a study and analysis of available publications in the last few years, published in the PubMed database. Conclusions: It is crucial to create specific diagnostic criteria for orthorexia. This will enable efficient detection of patients at an early stage of the disorder, which will significantly shorten the diagnostic path. Moreover, specifying potential risk factors will help to reduce new cases

Modern methods of treating marijuana addiction (cannabis use disorders) and its influence on health

Introduction: Worldwide, cannabis is the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance and the third most common drug, after alcohol and tobacco. Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects approximately 10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. In recent years, cannabinoids have become more and more popular. The CUD is becoming a growing social and health problem. The search for effective forms of pharmacotherapy is still ongoing, and an effective combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy may be crucial for the future of CUD treatment.   Material and method: The article was based on a review and analysis of publications and discoveries in recent years, which were available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database.   Results: 82 study participants attempted abstinence from cannabis use. In the final primary endpoint analysis, both 400 mg of CBD and 800 mg of CBD were more effective than placebo in reducing cannabis use.  50 people who were addicted to cannabis treated with gabapentin showed a significant reduction in cannabis use and cannabis withdrawal compared to placebo. Moreover, 70 men addicted to cannabis were randomized and those, who used FAAH inhibitors reported fewer cannabis withdrawal symptoms, less cannabis use and lower THC urine levels than placebo users. Conclusions: Gabapentin has been proven to show a reduction in CUD. The use of CBD, FAAH inhibitors and psychotherapy MET/CBT/CM also appear to be effective. In addition, the use of the principles of People-First Language, avoiding slang and idioms, using medical and curing vocabulary, respects the addicted person, and also positively influences the chances of abstinence

Giardia intestinalis - atypical symptoms of infection in the daily practice of various specialists

Giardia intestinalis infection is the most common parasitic infection in the world. The parasite's reservoir is mainly humans and many species of mammals. Giardiasis is a parasitic disease of the duodenum and small intestine. Infection spreads easily through the oral-fecal route. Its most frequent symptom is chronic diarrhea, but it can also be asymptomatic. This article analyzes atypical symptoms of Giardia Intestinalis infection based on available studies in the PubMed database. Observations have shown that giardiasis can manifest in various types of dermatoses such as urticaria, angioedema, atopic dermatitis, erythema nodosum, or Wells syndrome. A relationship between Giardia Intestinalis infection and various allergic syndromes, manifesting as chronic urticaria or angioedema, has also been observed, as well as an increased occurrence of food allergies due to increased exposure to antigens. Studies have also shown that giardiasis can cause polyneuropathy, avitaminosis, and malabsorption syndrome. Even years after infection, chronic fatigue syndrome can still be observe

When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment

Introduction: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a common phenomenon. Its prevalence in society ranges from 1% to 60%. Yet, there are no specific diagnostic criteria or effective screening tests. Moreover, orthorexia does not appear in any of the available international psychiatric classifications such as the ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) and DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Due to this fact many people remain undiagnosed, which significantly affects their standard of living, and later puts a strain on the health care system. Material and method: The article is based on a study and analysis of available publications in the last few years, published in the PubMed database. Conclusions: It is crucial to create specific diagnostic criteria for orthorexia. This will enable efficient detection of patients at an early stage of the disorder, which will significantly shorten the diagnostic path. Moreover, specifying potential risk factors will help to reduce new cases

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome: A comprehensive review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment strategies in hyperglycemic crises

Introduction and Purpose Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), a severe type 2 diabetes complication, presents with profound hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality, and dehydration sans ketosis, posing distinct challenges in diagnosis and treatment compared to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This article aims to enhance medical community awareness by examining HHS features, prevalence, and associated risk factors, contributing to improved clinical management. Emphasizing tailored treatment strategies for dehydration, coexisting illnesses, and metabolic decompensation, it ultimately seeks to enhance outcomes for type 2 diabetes individuals. Material and methods Conducting a systematic review of medical articles from 1972 to 2023 using PubMed, this study analyzed keywords such as hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, HHS, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and dehydration. Inclusion of pertinent articles ensured a comprehensive exploration of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) literature during the specified timeframe. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) predominantly affects elderly type 2 diabetes individuals, often triggered by infections like pneumonia or urinary tract infections. Clinical presentation includes fatigue, weakness, polydipsia, polyuria, nausea, and altered consciousness. Diagnosis relies on criteria such as elevated blood glucose levels and increased osmolality. HHS management involves a multidisciplinary approach, addressing fluid depletion, compromised cerebral perfusion, and achieving gradual normalization of osmolality and blood glucose levels to prevent complications. Summary Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS), a severe metabolic disorder linked to diabetes, extends beyond hyperglycemia, necessitating a comprehensive understanding. This review sheds light on HHS etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities, emphasizing its critical nature in diabetes care

Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Descriptor 2, Non-Indigenous Species, Delivering solid recommendations for setting threshold values for non-indigenous species pressure on European seas

Marine Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) are animals and plants introduced accidently or deliberately into the European seas, originating from other seas of the globe. About 800 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) currently occur in the European Union national marine waters, several of which have negative impacts on marine ecosystem services and biodiversity. Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Descriptor 2 (D2), EU Member States (MSs) need to consider NIS in their marine management strategies. The Descriptor D2 includes one primary criterion (D2C1: new NIS introductions), and two secondary criteria (D2C2 and D2C3). The D2 implementation is characterized by a number of issues and uncertainties which can be applicable to the Descriptor level (e.g. geographical unit of assessment, assessment period, phytoplanktonic, parasitic, oligohaline NIS, etc.), to the primary criterion D2C1 level (e.g. threshold values, cryptogenic, questionable species, etc), and to the secondary criteria D2C2 and D2C3. The current report tackles these issues and provides practical recommendations aiming at a smoother and more efficient implementation of D2 and its criteria at EU level. They constitute a solid operational output which can result in more comparable D2 assessments among MSs and MSFD regions/subregions. When it comes to the policy-side, the current report calls for a number of different categories of NIS to be reported in D2 assessments, pointing the need for the species to be labelled/categorised appropriately in the MSFD reporting by the MSs. These suggestions are proposed to be communicated to the MSFD Working Group of Good Environmental Status (GES) and subsequently to the Marine Strategy Coordination Group (MSCG) of MSFD. Moreover, they can serve as an input for revising the Art. 8 Guidelines

Characterisation of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Critically Endangered <i>Mustela lutreola</i> (Carnivora: Mustelidae) and Its Phylogenetic and Conservation Implications

In this paper, a complete mitochondrial genome of the critically endangered European mink Mustela lutreola L., 1761 is reported. The mitogenome was 16,504 bp in length and encoded the typical 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes, and harboured a putative control region. The A+T content of the entire genome was 60.06% (A > T > C > G), and the AT-skew and GC-skew were 0.093 and −0.308, respectively. The encoding-strand identity of genes and their order were consistent with a collinear gene order characteristic for vertebrate mitogenomes. The start codons of all protein-coding genes were the typical ATN. In eight cases, they were ended by complete stop codons, while five had incomplete termination codons (TA or T). All tRNAs had a typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except tRNASer(AGC) and tRNALys, which lacked the DHU stem and had reduced DHU loop, respectively. Both rRNAs were capable of folding into complex secondary structures, containing unmatched base pairs. Eighty-one single nucleotide variants (substitutions and indels) were identified. Comparative interspecies analyses confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship of the European mink to the so-called ferret group, clustering the European polecat, the steppe polecat and the black-footed ferret. The obtained results are expected to provide useful molecular data, informing and supporting effective conservation measures to save M. lutreola

Growth hormone and growth hormone gene of the American mink (Neovison vison) – the current state of knowledge of one of the key hormones in one of the most intensively economically exploited species

Despite the fact, that the American mink (Neovison vison) is one of the most intensively economically exploited and problematic, from the ecological point of view, fur-bearing animal, it remains one of the least studied livestock species. It can be proven by the fact, that the research on one of the key hormones, which has systemic effects, that is the growth hormone, are rather poorly advanced. The purpose of this review is to present the summary and the critical analysis of the current state of knowledge on the topic of the growth hormone in the American mink, its biological function, production in physiological conditions, regulation of secretion and transduction of the hormone’s signal. The article contains also an up to date information on the American mink growth growth hormone gene and its protein product.Mimo że norka amerykańska (Neovison vison) jest jednym z najintensywniej eksploatowanych gospodarczo, a także problematycznych, z ekologicznego punktu widzenia, gatunków zwierząt futerkowych, pozostaje jednym z najsłabiej zbadanych gatunków zwierząt gospodarskich. Dowodzi tego, między innymi fakt, że badania nad jednym z kluczowych hormonów o działaniu systemowym, jakim jest hormon wzrostu, są słabo zaawansowane. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd i krytyczna analiza aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat hormonu wzrostu u norki amerykańskiej, jego funkcji biologicznej, produkcji w warunkach fizjologicznych, regulacji wydzielania oraz transdukcji sygnału. Artykuł zawiera również aktualne informacje o genie hormonu wzrostu oraz jego produkcie białkowym