Environmental regulation of animal development

Iako su biolozi nekada smatrali da okoliš nema velik utjecaj na razvoj životinja, danas znamo da to nije tako. U ovom radu kroz kratki pregled prikazano je da okoliš ne igra samo sporednu ulogu u razvoju životinja, nego je često i jedna od ključnih uzroka normalnoga razvoja životinja. Okoliš utječe ne samo na pojedine vrste ili skupine već zahvaća cijelo životinjsko carstvo i to od same oplodnje i embriogeneze jedinke, pa kroz cijeli životni ciklus. Budući da se ovom pitanju daje sve više pažnje i da će novim tehnologijama biti lakše skupiti podatke, očekujem da će se u budućnosti otkriti još veća povezanost okoliša i životinja.Even though biologist thought that environment play small part in animal development, today we know the things are different. This work has shown, through short review, that environment is not only permissive, but often instructive and important part of normal development of animals. Environment is affecting more than just few species or groups, it is affecting whole animal kingdom. Because this matter is getting attention and because new technologies will make it easier to collect data I expect that in future there will be discoveries about even closer connection between environment and animals

Franciscans in the Works of Nobel Laureate Ivo Andrić

Aim: Ivo Andrić (1892–1975) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. He was born and lived in Bosnia- Herzegovina, and forged particularly deep connections with the Franciscans, addressed by the people of Bosnia as “uncles”. This article presents all mentions of Franciscans in Andrić’s publications and his characterization of them. Methods: We studied all available literary works of Ivo Andrić. Results: Andrić was born in small town of Travnik in today’s Bosnia-Herzegovina, a Catholic surrounding in which Franciscan monks provided the religious needs of the parish. Therefore, Andrić developed friendships with Franciscans and cherished it all until his life. His first close Franciscan friend, Fra Alojzije Perčinlić, was the Pastor of Ovčarevo; the last Franciscan friend he made was Fra Ljubo Hrgić, a writer from Zenica. Andrić regularly referred to the Franciscans in his works, from his first book – Ex ponto – published in 1918, to his Omer Pasha Latas, a novel published posthumously in 1976. He used fifteen Franciscan works and monastic annals as major sources for his doctoral dissertation entitled The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia under the Influence of Turkish Rule, which he defended in 1924 at the University of Graz. The dissertation described how the Franciscans lived, the role they played in people’s life, and the work they did in Bosnia and Herzegovina over a period of six hundred years. In gb his dissertation he named more than thirty Franciscans, and a total of 44 in his works. Conclusion: Andrić was well acquainted with the lives, virtues, accomplishments, and human flaws of the Bosnian Franciscans. Few writers presented the Franciscans as favorably as Ivo Andrić did in his doctoral dissertation and other works. Human flaws that he found in “uncles” were mere “a drop in the ocean” of his favorable accounts about the order

Environmental regulation of animal development

Iako su biolozi nekada smatrali da okoliš nema velik utjecaj na razvoj životinja, danas znamo da to nije tako. U ovom radu kroz kratki pregled prikazano je da okoliš ne igra samo sporednu ulogu u razvoju životinja, nego je često i jedna od ključnih uzroka normalnoga razvoja životinja. Okoliš utječe ne samo na pojedine vrste ili skupine već zahvaća cijelo životinjsko carstvo i to od same oplodnje i embriogeneze jedinke, pa kroz cijeli životni ciklus. Budući da se ovom pitanju daje sve više pažnje i da će novim tehnologijama biti lakše skupiti podatke, očekujem da će se u budućnosti otkriti još veća povezanost okoliša i životinja.Even though biologist thought that environment play small part in animal development, today we know the things are different. This work has shown, through short review, that environment is not only permissive, but often instructive and important part of normal development of animals. Environment is affecting more than just few species or groups, it is affecting whole animal kingdom. Because this matter is getting attention and because new technologies will make it easier to collect data I expect that in future there will be discoveries about even closer connection between environment and animals

Environmental regulation of animal development

Iako su biolozi nekada smatrali da okoliš nema velik utjecaj na razvoj životinja, danas znamo da to nije tako. U ovom radu kroz kratki pregled prikazano je da okoliš ne igra samo sporednu ulogu u razvoju životinja, nego je često i jedna od ključnih uzroka normalnoga razvoja životinja. Okoliš utječe ne samo na pojedine vrste ili skupine već zahvaća cijelo životinjsko carstvo i to od same oplodnje i embriogeneze jedinke, pa kroz cijeli životni ciklus. Budući da se ovom pitanju daje sve više pažnje i da će novim tehnologijama biti lakše skupiti podatke, očekujem da će se u budućnosti otkriti još veća povezanost okoliša i životinja.Even though biologist thought that environment play small part in animal development, today we know the things are different. This work has shown, through short review, that environment is not only permissive, but often instructive and important part of normal development of animals. Environment is affecting more than just few species or groups, it is affecting whole animal kingdom. Because this matter is getting attention and because new technologies will make it easier to collect data I expect that in future there will be discoveries about even closer connection between environment and animals

Optimization of multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for the amplification of microsatellite marker of Dishevelled 3 gene in human meningiomas

Meningeomi su spororastudi, benigni, primarni intrakranijalni tumori koji nastaju iz mekih moždanih ovojnica, preciznije iz meningotelijalnih stanica arahnoideje. Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO) klasificiraju se kao benigni (I. stupnja), atipični (II. stupnja) i anaplastični ili maligni (III. stupnja). Važnu ulogu pri embrionalnom i neuralnom razvoju, staničnoj proliferaciji i diferencijaciji različitih organizama ima signalni put Wnt koji je uključen i u proces tumorigeneze. Aktivacija puta odvija se preko membranskih receptora Frizzled, a može ga aktivirati oko 20 različitih liganda Wnt-a. Prvi citoplazmatski protein koji sudjeluje u prijenosu signala je fosfoprotein Dishevelled 3. Ukoliko je signalni put Wnt aktivan dolazi do inaktivacije degradacijskog kompleksa što rezultira nakupljanjem beta-katenina u citoplazmi, a zatim i u jezgri i to dovodi do transkripcije ciljanih gena i u konačnici do procesa tumorigeneze. Multipleks lančana reakcija polimerazom metoda je koja nam omogućuje analizu genetičkih promjena i genomske nestabilnosti gena DVL3. Metodu smo uspješno optimizirali i specifično umnožili miskrosatelitni biljeg gena DVL3 kao i kontrolne biljege SHGC-68373 i APEX1. Mikrosatelitni biljeg pokazao se uspješnim u otkrivanju 2 MSi (9,52%) i 5 amplifikacija (23,81%) gena DVL3 u našem uzorku meningeoma. Daljnom analizom gena DVL3 utvrditi demo njegovu ulogu u tumorigenezi meningeomaMeningiomas are frequent benign tumours derived from the arachnoid cells. It has been well documented that wnt genes and other components of wnt signaling are critical for mammalian embryogenesis. Wnt signaling is essential in development because it acts as a regulator of the embryonic cell patterning, proliferation, differentiation, cell survival and apoptosis. The Wnt proteins bind to receptors of the Frizzled family on the cell surface. Through several cytoplasmic relay components, the first one being protein Dishevelled, the pathway is activated and the beta-catenin destruction complex is inhibited. The result is accumulation of beta-catenin in cytoplasm, which then enters the nucleus to activate transcription of Wnt target genes and tumorigenesis begins. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction is method used to analyze genetic changes and genomic instability of gene DVL3. We have achieved optimization of the method and we have specifically amplified the microsatellite marker of Dishevelled 3 gene along with control markers SHGC-58373 i APEX1. Further research is needed to establish the role of DVL3 gene and Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis of menigioma. The marker proved useful in revealing 2 MSI (9,52%) and 5 amplifications (23,81%) of DVL3 gene in our meningioma sample

Optimization of multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for the amplification of microsatellite marker of Dishevelled 3 gene in human meningiomas

Meningeomi su spororastudi, benigni, primarni intrakranijalni tumori koji nastaju iz mekih moždanih ovojnica, preciznije iz meningotelijalnih stanica arahnoideje. Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO) klasificiraju se kao benigni (I. stupnja), atipični (II. stupnja) i anaplastični ili maligni (III. stupnja). Važnu ulogu pri embrionalnom i neuralnom razvoju, staničnoj proliferaciji i diferencijaciji različitih organizama ima signalni put Wnt koji je uključen i u proces tumorigeneze. Aktivacija puta odvija se preko membranskih receptora Frizzled, a može ga aktivirati oko 20 različitih liganda Wnt-a. Prvi citoplazmatski protein koji sudjeluje u prijenosu signala je fosfoprotein Dishevelled 3. Ukoliko je signalni put Wnt aktivan dolazi do inaktivacije degradacijskog kompleksa što rezultira nakupljanjem beta-katenina u citoplazmi, a zatim i u jezgri i to dovodi do transkripcije ciljanih gena i u konačnici do procesa tumorigeneze. Multipleks lančana reakcija polimerazom metoda je koja nam omogućuje analizu genetičkih promjena i genomske nestabilnosti gena DVL3. Metodu smo uspješno optimizirali i specifično umnožili miskrosatelitni biljeg gena DVL3 kao i kontrolne biljege SHGC-68373 i APEX1. Mikrosatelitni biljeg pokazao se uspješnim u otkrivanju 2 MSi (9,52%) i 5 amplifikacija (23,81%) gena DVL3 u našem uzorku meningeoma. Daljnom analizom gena DVL3 utvrditi demo njegovu ulogu u tumorigenezi meningeomaMeningiomas are frequent benign tumours derived from the arachnoid cells. It has been well documented that wnt genes and other components of wnt signaling are critical for mammalian embryogenesis. Wnt signaling is essential in development because it acts as a regulator of the embryonic cell patterning, proliferation, differentiation, cell survival and apoptosis. The Wnt proteins bind to receptors of the Frizzled family on the cell surface. Through several cytoplasmic relay components, the first one being protein Dishevelled, the pathway is activated and the beta-catenin destruction complex is inhibited. The result is accumulation of beta-catenin in cytoplasm, which then enters the nucleus to activate transcription of Wnt target genes and tumorigenesis begins. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction is method used to analyze genetic changes and genomic instability of gene DVL3. We have achieved optimization of the method and we have specifically amplified the microsatellite marker of Dishevelled 3 gene along with control markers SHGC-58373 i APEX1. Further research is needed to establish the role of DVL3 gene and Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis of menigioma. The marker proved useful in revealing 2 MSI (9,52%) and 5 amplifications (23,81%) of DVL3 gene in our meningioma sample

The image of Croatia from the point of view of Croatian emigrants and their descendants in different parts of the world

Rad se bavi percepcijom i imidžom Hrvatske iz perspektive hrvatskih iseljenika i njihovih potomaka u Europi, Australiji te Sjevernoj i Južnoj Americi. Autori polaze od važnosti imidža zemlje u suvremenim međunarodnim odnosima, te uloge iseljenika u promociji Hrvatske, angažmanu za hrvatske interese u svijetu, kao i mogućnostima povratka, useljavanja i ulaganja. Kako bi taj angažman bio uspješan nužno je poznavanje Hrvatske i njezina suvremenoga identiteta, odnosno praćenje života u njihovoj domovini. Stoga rad donosi rezultate anketnoga istraživanja na uzorku odabranih hrvatskih zajednica na četiri kontinenta, koji se bave razinom informiranosti, načinom informiranja, percepcijom i imidžom Hrvatske, te načinima oblikovanja toga imidža u svijetu. Rad također pokušava odgovoriti na pitanja koliko se imidž Hrvatske razlikuje s obzirom na države i kontinente življenja, dob ispitanika te duljinu življenja izvan domovine.The paper deals with the perception and image of Croatia from the perspective of Croatian emigrants and their descendants in Europe, Australia, and North and South America. The authors start from the importance of the country’s image in contemporary international relations, and the role of emigrants in the promotion of Croatia, engagement for Croatian interests in the world, as well as opportunities for return, immigration and investment. In order for this engagement to be successful, it is necessary to know Croatia and its modern identity, i.e., to follow life in their homeland. Therefore, the paper presents the results of a survey on a sample of selected Croatian communities on four continents, which deal with the level and way of informing, perception and image of Croatia, and ways of shaping this image in the world. The paper also tries to answer the questions of how much the image of Croatia differs with regard to countries and continents of living, the age of the respondents and the length of life abroad

The image of Croatia from the point of view of Croatian emigrants and their descendants in different parts of the world

Rad se bavi percepcijom i imidžom Hrvatske iz perspektive hrvatskih iseljenika i njihovih potomaka u Europi, Australiji te Sjevernoj i Južnoj Americi. Autori polaze od važnosti imidža zemlje u suvremenim međunarodnim odnosima, te uloge iseljenika u promociji Hrvatske, angažmanu za hrvatske interese u svijetu, kao i mogućnostima povratka, useljavanja i ulaganja. Kako bi taj angažman bio uspješan nužno je poznavanje Hrvatske i njezina suvremenoga identiteta, odnosno praćenje života u njihovoj domovini. Stoga rad donosi rezultate anketnoga istraživanja na uzorku odabranih hrvatskih zajednica na četiri kontinenta, koji se bave razinom informiranosti, načinom informiranja, percepcijom i imidžom Hrvatske, te načinima oblikovanja toga imidža u svijetu. Rad također pokušava odgovoriti na pitanja koliko se imidž Hrvatske razlikuje s obzirom na države i kontinente življenja, dob ispitanika te duljinu življenja izvan domovine.The paper deals with the perception and image of Croatia from the perspective of Croatian emigrants and their descendants in Europe, Australia, and North and South America. The authors start from the importance of the country’s image in contemporary international relations, and the role of emigrants in the promotion of Croatia, engagement for Croatian interests in the world, as well as opportunities for return, immigration and investment. In order for this engagement to be successful, it is necessary to know Croatia and its modern identity, i.e., to follow life in their homeland. Therefore, the paper presents the results of a survey on a sample of selected Croatian communities on four continents, which deal with the level and way of informing, perception and image of Croatia, and ways of shaping this image in the world. The paper also tries to answer the questions of how much the image of Croatia differs with regard to countries and continents of living, the age of the respondents and the length of life abroad

RECHT AUF PERSÖNLICHEN DATENSCHUTZ UND PFLICHTINFORMIERUNG ÜBER HIV–POSITIVE PERSONEN

Kakav je odnos studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu naspram prava na zaštitu privatnosti i obvezi informiranja o osobama nositeljima protutijela za HIV. Rezultate dobivene anketnim ispitivanjem analizirali smo u kontekstu epidemioloških podataka o tom virusu koji vodi do nastanka AIDS–a te zakonskih odredbi koje reguliraju ponašanje oboljelih, poslodavaca, zdravstvenog osiguranja i liječnika. Najveći stupanj izbora negativnih odgovora na pitanje Kome bi trebala biti dostupna informacija o tome da je netko inficiran HIV–om (virusom Side), čak i bez izričitog pristanka te osobe? izražen je prema stajalištu da policija ima dostup informacijama (84.8%); zatim slijedi negativno stajalište prema poslodavcu (77.5 %); i osiguravateljima (75.0%). Pozitivni odgovori prevladavaju u stajalištima prema pravu supruga/supruge (96.6); partnera/partnerice (95.6%); uže obitelji(82.8%) da posjeduju te povjerljive informacije. Obvezu informiranja provjeravali smo pitanjem koje je glasilo: Koga bi — prema Vašem mišljenju — sam nositelj HIV–a trebao obavijestiti o svojem stanju? Ispitanici (73.2%) smatraju da poslodavac ne bi trebao imati informaciju o mogućoj bolesti svojeg zaposlenika, a blisko stajalište ispitanici izražavaju i prema obvezi obavještavanja osiguravatelja (72.8% ispitanika). Čak 98.8% ispitanika smatra obvezom povjeriti suprugu/supruzi i partneru/partnericu; užoj obitelji (92.2%); prijateljima (76.6%) informaciju o inficiranosti HIV–a.What is the relation of Zagreb University students to the private law and the information dissemination obligation on persons that are carriers of HIV–antibodies. The results of the opinion poll have been analyzed in the context of epidemiological data on the virus that causes AIDS and about legal provisions that regulate the behavior of the diseased, employers, health insurance and physicians. The highest degree of choice of negative answers to the question — To whom would an information on the fact that somebody has been infected with the HIV–virus be accessible, even without explicit consent of that person? — is phrased in relation to the opinion that the police has an access to information (84.8%); following then with the negative opinion toward the employer (77.5%); and insurers (75.0%). Positive answers prevail toward the right of a husband/wife (96.6%); male partner/female partner (95.6%); close family members (82.8) to possess those confidential information. The information dissemination obligation has been checked up with the question that runs like this: Who should — according to your opinion — be informed by the very person that is an HIV–carrier on his or her health condition? 73.2% of respondents hold that the employer should not possess information on a possible disease of his or her employee,and a closer opinion has been expressed also toward the information dissemination obligation in relation to an insurer (72.8%). Even 98.8% of examinees regard as obligatory to confide this to a husband/wife and male partner/female partner, close family members (92.2%)and friends (76.6%), the information on being HIV infected.Wie ist die Einstellung von Studenten der Zagreber Universität zu dem Recht auf den persönlichen Datenschutz und der Pflichtinformierung über die HIV–positiven Personen. Die durch eine Befragung ermittelten Ergebnisse wurden analysiert im Hinblick auf die epidemiologischen Angaben über diesen Virus sowie hinsichtlich der Vorschriften, die das Verhalten der Erkrankten, ihren Arbeitgebern, ihren Krankenkassen und ihren Ärzten regeln. Die meisten negativen Antworten auf die Frage "Wem sollte die Information darüber, ob jemand HIV–positiv ist, zugänglich sein, sogar auch ohne ausdrückliche Zustimmung der betroffenen Person?" beziehen sich auf die Feststellung, daß die Polizei den Zugang zu der Information haben sollte (84,8%). Dann folgt die negative Einstellung gegenüber dem Arbeitgeber (77,5%) und den Krankenkassen (70,5%). Positive Antworten überwiegen bei den Einstellungen, daß der Ehemann / die Ehefrau (96,6%), der Partner / die Partnerin (95,6%) und nahe Verwandte (82,8%) der Betroffenen das Recht auf diese Information haben sollten. Die Einstellungen zur Pflichtinformierung über das Vorhandensein einer HIV–Infektion wurden durch folgende Frage erhoben: "Wen sollte — ihrer Meinung nach — eine HIV–positive Person über ihren Gesundheitszustand informieren?" 73,2% der Befragten sind der Meinung, daß der Arbeitgeber über keine Information hinsichtlich einer eventuellen Erkrankung seiner Angestellten verfügen sollte. Eine ähnliche Einstellung (72,8%) kommt auch bei der Pflichtinformierung der Versicherer vor. Über eine HIV–Infektion sollten der Ehemann / die Ehefrau und der Partner / die Partnerin (98,8%) sowie die nahen Verwanden (92,2%) und Freunde (76,6%) informiert werden

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress signalling - from basic mechanisms to clinical applications

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first compartment of the secretory pathway. As such, the ER contributes to the production and folding of approximately one-third of cellular proteins, and is thus inextricably linked to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the fine balance between health and disease. Specific ER stress signalling pathways, collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), are required for maintaining ER homeostasis. The UPR is triggered when ER protein folding capacity is overwhelmed by cellular demand and the UPR initially aims to restore ER homeostasis and normal cellular functions. However, if this fails, then the UPR triggers cell death. In this review, we provide a UPR signalling-centric view of ER functions, from the ER's discovery to the latest advancements in the understanding of ER and UPR biology. Our review provides a synthesis of intracellular ER signalling revolving around proteostasis and the UPR, its impact on other organelles and cellular behaviour, its multifaceted and dynamic response to stress and its role in physiology, before finally exploring the potential exploitation of this knowledge to tackle unresolved biological questions and address unmet biomedical needs. Thus, we provide an integrated and global view of existing literature on ER signalling pathways and their use for therapeutic purposes