Gamma radiation exposure of MCT diode arrays

Investigations of electrical properties of long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) arrays exposed to gamma-radiation have been performed. Resistance-area product characteristics of LWIR n{+}-p photodiodes have been investigated using microprobe technique at T=78 K before and after an exposure to various doses of gamma-radiation. The current transport mechanisms for those structures are described within the framework of the balance equation model taking into account the occupation of the trap states in the band gap.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Semiconductor Science and Technolog

The IIASA-LUC Project Georeferenced Database of the Former USSR. Volume 5: Land Categories

The IIASA/LUC georeferenced database for the former U.S.S.R. was created within the framework of the project ``Modeling Land-Use and Land Cover Changes in Europe and Northern Asia" (LUC). For Russia, essential information on relief, soil, vegetation, land cover and use, etc. for routine environmental analysis was lacking when the LUC project started developing the database. In addition, the environmental data on the former U.S.S.R. which was available occurred in formats (papers, tables, etc.) that in general could not be used with modern information technology, and in particular in model building. In creating the LUC project database, we have achieved three objectives: 1) to obtain relevant information for the LUC project modeling exercises; 2) to develop data which are usable with modern information technology; 3) to contribute a series of digital databases which could be applied for various other analyses by the national and international scientific community. In defining the tasks it was agreed to create a set of digital databases which could be handled by geographic information systems (GIS). The full set of georeferenced digital databases was combined into the LUC project's GIS, using ARC/INFO. However, each individual item (physiography, soil, vegetation, etc.) was created as a unique specific digital database, allowing each item to be used separately, depending on users' needs. The complete series of these unique georeferenced digital databases for the territory of the former U.S.S.R. is described in the IIASA/LUC volumes: Volume 1 -- Physiography (landforms, slope conditions, elevations); Volume 2 -- Soil; Volume 3 -- Soil degradation status (Russia); Volume 4 -- Vegetation; Volume 5 -- Land categories; Volume 6 -- Agricultural regionalization

Analytical-numerical methods of calculations of energy and three-dimensional particle distributions in electromagnetic cascades

Analytical and numerical methods of calculation of the energy and three dimensional EPS characteristics are reported. The angular and lateral functions of electrons in EPS have been obtained by the Landau and small angle approximations A and B and compared with earlier data. A numerical method of solution of cascade equations for the EPS distribution function moments has been constructed. Considering the equilibrium rms angle as an example, errors appearing when approximating the elementary process cross sections by their asymptotic expressions are analyzed

Bouncing Forward Sustainably: Pathways to a post-COVID World. Strengthening Science Systems. Systems map.

Systems map depicting interlinkages among major issues relevant for the agility, reliability and science-policy-society interface as three dimensions of potential improvement of the science system to enhance its capability to respond to crises triggered by extreme events like COVID-19

On the Question about the History of Interaction between Philosophy and Theology in the Russian Religious Thought

The study gives wide description to the history of the formation and interaction of philosophy and theology in the space of Russian religious thought, from the disciplinary genesis to the fate of individual philosophical and theological schools. The study focuses on the interaction of secular and academic theology with various philosophical movements, as a principle of changing the Orthodox theological paradigm

The IIASA-LUC Project Georeferenced Database of the former USSR. Volume 3: Soil Degradation Status in Russia

The IIASA/LUC georeferenced database for the former USSR (in part only for Russia), was created within the framework of the project "Modeling of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Europe and Northern Asia" (LUC). For Russia, essential information on relief, soil, vegetation, land cover and use, etc. for routine environmental analysis was lacking when the LUC project first started developing the database. In addition, the environmental data on the former USSR which was available occurred in formats (papers, tables, etc.) that in general could not be used with modern information technology, and in particular in model building. In creating the LUC project database, we have established a threefold task: (1) to obtain the relevant information for the LUC project modeling exercises; (2) to develop data which is applicable to modern information technology; (3) to contribute a series of digital databases which could be applied for a number of other specific analysis by the national and international scientific community. In defining the tasks it was agreed to create a set of digital databases which could be handled by a geographic information systems (GIS). This required that the data had to be georeferenced. The complete set of georeferenced digital databases was combined into the LUC project's GIS, using ARC/INFO. However, each individual item (physiography, soil, vegetation, etc.) was created as an unique specific digital database, allowing to be used separately, depending on user's needs. The complete series of the unique georeferenced digital databases is described in several IIASA/LUC volumes: Volume 1 -- Physiography (land forms, slope conditions, elevations); Volume 2 -- Soil; Volume 3 -- Soil degradation status (Russia); Volume 4 -- Vegetation; Volume 5 -- Land categories; Volume 6 -- Agricultural regionalization

Thermal conductivity vs depth profiling using the hot disk technique-Analysis of anisotropic, inhomogeneous structures

A recently developed method for analyzing the thermal conductivity vs depth variation near a sample surface has been extended to include inhomogeneous samples with anisotropy. If not considered, the anisotropy ratio in the sample structure can distort the depth-position data of the original test method. The anisotropy ratio is introduced in the original computational scheme in order to improve the depth-position estimations for inhomogeneous structures with anisotropy. The proposed approach has been tested in experiments and shown to improve depth position mapping

Environmental aspects of post-operational bioremediation of the typical municipal solid waste landfill of the administrative district

The article deals with the environmental consequences o f testing the method o f biological remediation o f the closed typical municipal solid waste landfill of the administrative district. The essence o f the method consists in the introduction of adapted composites from aboriginal, adapted or modified biological systems, primarily microorganisms for catalysis o f the decomposition process o f the organic component of waste landfills and subsequent separation o f valuable recyclable materials. The article presents the results o f the impact assessment o f a typical solid municipal waste landfil

Bouncing Forward Sustainably: Pathways to a post-COVID World. Strengthening Science Systems

This Background Paper was prepared to frame the discussion in the 1st Consultation on Strengthening Science Systems within the IIASA-ISC Consultative Science Platform “Bouncing Forward Sustainably: Pathways to a post-COVID-19 world”. The paper briefly discusses the response of science and scientists to the COVID-19 crisis, the dissemination of research results and the input of the science community into public policy. While science responded fairly rapidly with appropriate research and the communication of research to the public and to policy makers, there is clear room for improvement. Drawing from the experience of the COVID-19 crisis, three axes of improvement are identified, namely increased agility, enhanced reliability, and a more effective science-policy-society interface. The paper identifies barriers that constrain and inhibit the effectiveness and efficiency of the science system in terms of these three axes. The barriers include misinformation and pseudoscience; the lack of access to data and to mathematical models; the slow pace of peer review; funding challenges both overall and in efficient allocation to critical issues; public trust in, and understanding of, science. Finally, in relation to science for policy, there are issues of transparency, contestation between scientists proffering advice, the need to widen the disciplinary base of science advice and the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary and systemic approach