Geochemistry and origin of gold mineralization in the Kolar Schist Belt

Geological, mineralogical, mineral-textural and geochemical data of the sulfide lodes in the belt indicate that the gold mineralization could be related to low temperature, low Eh and high pH rock-dominated geothermal systems set up in the submarine volcanic pile prior to amphibolite metamorphism. A relatively long-lived geothermal system produced an economic deposit, whereas short-lived ones, because of rapid burial by younger basalts throttled the geothermal system and diffused the discharge yielding low grade ore bodies. The source for gold and iron could be iron enriched tholeiites derived from source regions enriched in komatiitic melt components and komatiitic rocks derived by very low extents of melting of metasomatised mantle sources. On the other hand, the geographical restriction of the quartz-calcite lodes, their mineralogical and geochemical data and their estimated temperature of formation all seem to suggest that a major part of the hydrothermal fluids, and a significant portion of gold could have been derived from mantle derived intrusive, sanukitoid type magma sources, similar to the Champion Gneiss occurring on the eastern part of the belt. However, the possibility of some input by remobilization of a premetamorphic sulfide protore to quartz lodes cannot be ruled out completely

Antifungal Effect of Leaf Extract of Some Medicinal Plants Against \u3cem\u3eFusarium Oxysporum\u3c/em\u3e Causing Wilt Disease of \u3cem\u3eSolanum melogena\u3c/em\u3e L.

The antifungal effect of crude medicinal plant extracts of 20 plants species was determined by in vitro study using water, ethanol and acetone as a solvent following poisoned food technique. It was found that all the plant extracts at 50% concentration were effective in reducing the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae Mauto and Ishigami. Among the 20 plant extracts, in different solvents, higher inhibition was noticed in 4 plants extracts namely Adhatoda vasica, Jatropha curcas, Sapindus emarginatus and Vitex negundo. These plants were selected further for different concentrations of 10%, 20% 30% and 40%. Among them Adhatoda vasica at 40% alone recorded 100% inhibition and remaining three plants produced almost similar inhibitory effect. At the low concentration of 10% Vitex negundo had more inhibitory effect (82%), while Jatropha curcas extracts showed very low inhibition (25%). There were not many differences in the inhibition between the extract of Adhatoda vasica and Sapindus emarginatus. In vivo pot culture experiment employing water extract of six plant species showed an increase in the root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot with the consequent reduction in the disease symptoms of the egg plant

Implementation of a MSP430-based ultrasonic distance measurement module

This application report describes a distance-measuring system based on ultrasonic sound utilizing the MSP430F413 ultralow-power microcontroller. The system transmits a burst of ultrasonic sound waves towards the subject and then receives the corresponding echo. The MSP430 integrated analog comparator Comparator_A is used to detect the arrival of the echo to the system. The time taken for the ultrasonic burst to travel the distance from the system to the subject and back to the system is accurately measured by the MSP430. Assuming the speed of sound in air at room temperature to be 1100 ft/s, the MSP430 computes the distance between the system and the subject and displays it using a two-digit static LCD driven by its integrated LCD driver. The distance is displayed in inches with an accuracy of ±1 inch. The minimum distance that this system can measure is eight inches and is limited by the transmitter’s transducer settling-time. The maximum distance that can be measured is ninetynine inches. The amplitude of the echo depends on the reflecting material, shape, and size. Sound-absorbing targets such as carpets and reflecting surfaces less than two square feet in area reflect poorly. The maximum measurable range is lower for such subjects. If the amplitude of the echo received by the system is so low that it is not detectable by the Comparator_A, the system goes out of range. This is indicated by displaying the error message E

A SELECTIVE AND SENSITIVE LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF FOUR POTENTIAL GENOTOXIC IMPURITIES IN ATAZANAVIR SULFATE DRUG SUBSTANCE IN TRACE LEVEL

Objective: The main objective of current research work is to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the trace analysis of four potential genotoxic impurities in Atazanavir Sulfate drug substance. Methods: LC-MS/MS analysis of four potential genotoxic impurities was done on Acquity UPLC CSH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column. In this method, mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate) mobile phase B (methanol: acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) with gradient run with the flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The method was developed with the short run time of 13 min. Triple quadrupole mass detector coupled with positive electrospray ionization was used for the quantification of genotoxic impurities in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Results: The method was linear in the range of 0.3 ppm to 4.5 ppm for BOC Hydrazine Acid impurity, BOC Epoxide and Keto impurity with a correlation coefficient not less than 0.9994. The accuracy of the method was in the range of 99.26% to 105.71% for all four potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). No impurities were identified in the Atazanavir Sulfate active pharmaceutical ingredient sample. Conclusion: The proposed method is specific, linear, precise, accurate, robust and stable for the quantification of the four genotoxic impurities at very low levels

Finite Element Analysis of Squirrel Cage Ball Bearingsfor Gas Turbine Engines

Squirrel cage ball bearings are used in recent aero engines to overcome the vibration andstability problems associated with rotor systems supported by conventional bearings. The criticaldesign feature of squirrel cage bearing is to provide flexible support to rotor system. The outerring of the bearing is configured such that it acts as a flexible bearing support, and hence, weightis minimised. The bearing is mounted directly on a rigid intermediate casing of a gas turbineengine. Finite element analysis helps to obtain a suitable geometry at the design stage. A 3-Dmodel of the bearing is created using IDEAS software. Finite element analysis using contactelement has been carried out for finding the deformation and stresses in the webs at variouslocations using ANSYS software. The deformations are compared with those of experimentalvalues for an axial load. The deformation in the webs is used to check the pressure balance inthe compressor and the load acting on the bearing. Finally, a procedure for doing the finiteelement analysis of ball bearings for combined axial and radial load is laid down

Floristic Inventory and Quantitative Vegetation Analysis of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest in Piranmalai Forest, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

Tree diversity, species richness, basal area, population structure and distribution patterns were investigated in disturbed, moderately disturbed and undisturbed areas of the tropical dry deciduous forest of Piranmalai, Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu. The forest areas were selected based on the disturbance index. Six sites of 0.1 ha area were established in the Piranmalai forest. Two sites, Nehru park (N.P) and Foot hill (F.H), were located close to the mining, quarrying and human settlement area, while two other sites, Vannar iruppu (V.I) and Alaguchokkan (A.C), are located in a selective felling area, and two others, Dhargha area (D.A) and Veerappan koil (V.K), are situated in a relatively undisturbed forest. These are 3 to 5 Km apart in the forest disturbed stand (60% disturbance index), Moderately Disturbed stand (30% disturbance index), and Undisturbed stand (10% disturbance index). Tree species richness varied along the disturbance gradient in different stands. The undisturbed stand showed the highest species richness (11 – 9). Species richness was lowest (5 - 4) in the Disturbed stand, while in the Moderately Disturbed stand the diversity was somewhat higher (8 – 7). The Shannon – Wiener index for tree species ranged from 1.33 to 2.184 in all the stands. The highest tree diversity was recorded in the undisturbed stand and the lowest in the Disturbed stand. The stands differed with respect to the tree species composition at the family and generic level

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TRAUMEEL (A HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATION) IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS-RATS

 Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of traumeel on acute and chronic inflammatory experimental animal models (rats).Methods: The traumeel, a homeo medicinal preparation was tested for its efficacy in acute and chronic inflammatory rats. In acute models: Rat pawedema method was used. In this model, rats were divided into four groups, six rats each. Group-I (NC), received 2% GA 2 ml, Group-II (PC) receivedaspirin (200 mg/kg), Group-III, intravenous received low dose (6CH) and high dose (300CH) of traumeel, preparation orally. Edema was developed ininjected paw. Immediately the foot edema volume was measured at 0 hr and at the end of 3rd hr with a plethysmograph. The percentage of inhibitionof edema by drugs was measured and compared between the test, control and standard groups. In chronic models: Granuloma method was used,and test drugs were given for 7 days. The animals were divided and treated same as in the acute model. After 7 days treatment, on 8th day animalswere sacrificed each implanted pellet was extracted with adherent granulation tissue. These pellets were dried and weighed. The known weight wasdeducted from granulation tissue weight. The mean weight of granulation tissue and difference in weight of granulation tissue for each group wascalculated, and the percentage of inhibition of inflammation was calculated.Results: The percentage of inhibition of edema in the acute model with 6CH, 300CH after 3 hrs is 51%, 76% respectively and with aspirin is 79%. Inchronic models, the percentage of inhibition of granulation tissue with 6CH, 300CH after 7 days is 19.5%, 32.85%, respectively and with aspirin is41.95%. The reduction of inflammation was statistically significant in each group is (p<0.001).Conclusion: Traumeel, a homeo preparation is a best alternative drug for the treatment of acute inflammatory conditions with no side effects.Keywords: Inflammation, Traumeel preparation, Carrageenan, Aspirin.Â

Some Studies on life of Track Pin Rubber Bushes .

Track pin an important component in the tracks of heavy armoured vehicles is made of steel surrounded by rubber bush. This construction enables the pin to transmit the torsional loads. As the failure of track pin makes the vehicle immobilised, it is important to ensure a specified life for these pins. As the pin is made of rubber and steel, the theoretical studies become difficult. An attempt has been made to find out the parameters that influence the life of track pins. A finite element method is used to estimate the stresses in the rubber. The temperature rise due to the torsional loads, computed using the energy equation is found to be 64.86 °c for 1800 s at a speed of 30 km/hr. close to that obtained from actual field measurements

Outcome of Pulmonary Hypertension in Post Renal Transplant Recipient.

INTRODUCTION : Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and secondary right ventricular failure. It is progressive, if untreated it turns fatal and rate of progression is high among renal failure patients. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in developed world is 13%1.Both the complication worsens one another, if they co-exist. Classification of PH has gone through various changes and in 1998 PAH group have concluded with Group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, which was approved by WHO2. According to WHO classification pulmonary artery hypertension has 5 categories. Usually it is done by right heart catheterization and the non invasive method is Doppler echocardiography study. The echocardiography parameters taken into account are right ventricular size, thickness and function, valve anatomy and functions. AIM AND OBJECTIVES : To find the status of pulmonary hypertension present in the pre transplant period after 3rd and 6th month of renal transplantation using Doppler echocardiography. METHODS OF ESTIMATION GFR : 1. Cockcroft-Gault equation — The Cockcroft-Gault equation allows the creatinine clearance to be estimated from the serum creatinine in a patient with a stable serum creatinine. 2. MDRD study equations — several equations were derived from data on adult patients enrolled in the MDRD with six-variable equation initially and then with four variables. GFR measured at baseline using urinary clearance of iothalamate. 3. CKD-EPI is a gold standard and superior when GFR is normal or mildly reduced — The CKD-EPI equation was developed with the data pooled from 10 studies to provide a more accurate estimate of GFR among individuals with normal or only mildly reduced GFR (ie, above 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) CONCLUSION : 14 patients with pulmonary hypertension and ESRD who has undergone renal transplant were followed up in the post transplant period. PH became normal in 11 patients during 3rd and 6th month. Of these 11 patients 5 had Hypertension and ESRD, 4 had Diabetic and ESRD, 2 had Coronary artery disease and ESRD. In the remaining 3 patients moderate PH in the pre transplant period regressed to mild PH on follow up. All the 3 co-morbid factors (DM, SHT, CAD), were present in this sub- group which may be the reason for incomplete resolution of PH. Renal transplant offers a significant resolution of PH in all sub groups in post transplant period