IRON-FORTIFIED SYNBIOTIC FERMENTED MILK WITH TEMPEH EXTRACT TO ENHANCES PROPIONIC ACID, BUTYRIC ACID, AND NON-PATHOGEN MICROBIOME IN ANEMIC WISTAR RAT

Background. Anemia, as a global public health problem, needs to be solved. The previous study by the researcher found the potency of iron-fortified synbiotic fermented milk with tempeh extract as an alternative to overcome anemia. Objective. This study aims to determine the effects of iron-fortified synbiotic fermented milk with tempeh extract towards short-chain fecal fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal microbiota. Method. The study was a randomized controlled trial with three groups, consisting of 8 anemic Wistar rats. The groups made into anemia within 17 days.The groups treated as follows: group NA: fermented milk with tempeh extract fortified by NaFeEDTA, group FE: fermented milk with tempeh extract fortified by FeSO4 , and group KO: fermented milk with tempeh extract without fortification. SCFAs and microbiota of the rat’s feces determined using the Total Plate Count method. SCFAs were measured after the intervention, while fecal microbiota was measured before and after the intervention. One-way ANOVA was used to measure the difference between NA, FE, and KO groups with post hoc test Bonferroni. Results. There was a significant mean difference between propionic and butyric acid between NA and FE groups and the KO group. The highest Lactobacilli number was in the FE group, while Bifidobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were highest in the KO group. Meanwhile, the NA group had the highest Escherichia coli number. Conclusion. Iron fortification has positive effects on increasing the production of SCFAs in the gut. Prebiotics and probiotics have positive effects on pathogenic bacteria. Further study is needed to determine the effects of iron-fortified synbiotic fermented milk with tempeh extract in human. &nbsp

The tendency of parents’ perception about underestimating the body weight and height of their own children under five years old

ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Proporsi balita gizi lebih dan gizi kurang masih cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Penanggulangan masalah gizi sangat penting dilakukan karena memiliki dampak kesehatan jangka panjang. Penyelesaian masalah gizi buruk dan gizi lebih di Indonesia terkendala dengan kurangnya efektivitas program intervensi dan pola asuh yang diberikan orang tua kepada anak. Salah satu hal yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan penanggulangan masalah gizi adalah persepsi orang tua terhadap status gizi balita.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai persepsi orang tua terhadap status gizi balita yang dikelompokkan antara berat badan atau tinggi badan menurut umur.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain potonglintang dengan memberikan kuesioner penilaian persepsi kepada orangtua yang memiliki anak balita dan datang ke posyandu di 11 Padukuhan di Kecamatan Seyegan, DI Yogyakarta. Penelitian berfokus pada penilaian persepsi orang tua terhadap berat badan dan tinggi badan anak menurut umur dan apakah orang tua mengalami underestimasi atau overestimasi terhadap status gizi anak-anaknya.Hasil: Terdapat 89 responden yang bersedia mengikuti penelitian ini. Dari jumlah tersebut, 27 orang tua (30%) memiliki overestimasi bahwa anaknya gemuk atau normal, padahal apabila menurut kurva z-skor, anak tergolong kurus. Terdapat 10 orang tua (11,2%) underestimasi terhadap tinggi badan anak yang sebenarnya normal atau tinggi namun dianggap pendek. Sebaliknya, 5 orang tua (5,6%) mengalami overestimasi dengan menganggap tinggi badan anaknya normal atau tinggi padahal sebenarnya tergolong pendek menurut kurva z-skor.Kesimpulan: Masih terdapat kesalahan persepsi orang tua terhadap status gizi anaknya. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mendalami faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsi dan bagaimana cara mengubahnya sehingga pola asuh orang tua dan penerimaan terhadap program perbaikan gizi menjadi lebih baik.KATA KUNCI: persepsi; berat badan; tinggi badan; balita; status giziABSTRACT Background: The proportion of over- and under-nutrition is still high in Indonesia. Overcoming the nutritional problems is important since it can lead to long term health impacts. However, there are some problems that inhibit the intervention program such as low effectiveness and inappropriate parenting. One thing that affects the success of the program is about parents’ perception of the nutritional status of their children.Objectives: The study aimed to identify the perception of the parents towards the nutritional status of their children, which is categorized as body weight and height to age.Methods: The research use cross-sectional design by giving the questionnaire to the parents who have children under-five and go to Posyandu in 11 villages in Seyegan, DI Yogyakarta. The study focused on the judgment of the parents towards the height and weight to the age of their children and whether the parents under- or overestimate the nutritional status of their children. Results: There were 89 respondents following the study. From the number, there were 27 parents (30%) who overestimate their children by assuming the children to be overweight while according to z-score they was categorized as wasted. There were 10 parents (11.2%) who underestimate the height of their children by assuming that their children was stunted while they was not. On the other hand, 5 parents (5.6%) overestimate the height of their children by saying they had normal height while the fact they were stunted.Conclusion: There is still misperception among the parents about the nutritional status of their children. Further study is needed to identify what factors affecting the perception and how to change it so that the nutritional intervention program and parenting can be better.KEYWORDS: perception; body weight; body height; children under-five; nutritional statu

Iron status and Hepcidin Level of normal and obese adolescents

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Faktor risiko anemia pada remaja obesitas meningkat dengan adanya gangguan homeostasis besi yang terjadi, ditandai dengan kadar feritin dan kadar hepcidin tinggi namun kadar hemoglobin rendah yang disebabkan oleh adanya inflamasi kronik derajat ringan terkait obesitas.Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara obesitas, faktor perantara yang memengaruhi, dan kejadian anemia pada remaja usia 12-15 tahun di SMP di Kota Yogyakarta.Metode: Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian observasional dengan rancangan penelitian potong lintang pada 68 siswa SMP di Kota Yogyakarta yang mempunyai status gizi normal dan obesitas. Pengukuran tinggi badan, berat badan, indeks massa tubuh, kadar hepcidin, kadar feritin, kadar hemoglobin, dan penilaian asupan zat gizi responden dilakukan dalam satu kurun waktu yang hampir bersamaan.Hasil: Persentase anemia pada kelompok normal sebesar 15,15% sedangkan pada kelompok obesitas sebesar 2,85%. Pada penelitian ini, tidak terdapat perbedaan secara signifikan pada prevalensi anemia antara remaja status gizi normal dan obesitas (p=0,074). Median data kadar hemoglobin pada kelompok normal 14,2 g/dl dan kelompok obesitas 14,5 g/dl. Kadar feritin pada kelompok obesitas lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal, masing-masing 9,7 ng/ml pada kelompok normal, 11,59 ng/ml pada kelompok obesitas sedang dan 15,81 ng/ml kelompok obesitas berat. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada kadar leukosit pada kedua kelompok responden (p=0,0443), namun tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada kadar hepcidin (p=0,511). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar hepcidin dan feritin pada seluruh responden (p=0,396), serta terdapat korelasi positif tingkat rendah antara kadar feritin dan hemoglobin pada seluruh responden (p=0,0008).Kesimpulan: Terjadi proses inflamasi kronis derajat ringan pada kelompok obesitas, namun tidak terjadi gangguan metabolisme besi akibat inflamasi. Penelitian lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk menggali hubungan anemia dengan obesitas di masa dewasa.KATA KUNCI: anemia; gizi remaja; Hemoglobin; obesitas    ABSTRACT Background: The risk factor for anemia in obese adolescents is increased by the presence of iron homeostatic disorder that occurs, characterized by high levels of ferritin and hepcidin levels but low hemoglobin levels which is caused by mild chronic inflammation associated with obesity.Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between obesity and intermediary factors that affect the incidence of anemia in adolescents aged 12-15 years in Junior High School, Yogyakarta.Methods: This study was observational research with a cross-sectional study design on 68 junior high school students in Yogyakarta City who had normal and obese nutritional status. Measurement of height, weight, body mass index, hepcidin levels, ferritin levels, hemoglobin levels, and assessment of nutrient intake of respondents performed in a period of time.Results: The percentage of anemia in the Normal Group (NG) was 15.15% meanwhile in the Obese Group (OG) was 2.85%. In this study, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of anemia between NG and OG (p=0.074). Median data hemoglobin levels in the NG were 14.2 g/dl and in the OG was 14.5 g/dl. Surprisingly, there was a significantly higher level of ferritin found in the OG than NG, respectively 9,7 ng/ml in NG, 11.59 ng/ml in the moderately obese group, and 15.81 ng/ml severe obese. There was a significant difference in leukocyte levels between groups (p = 0.0443), however, there was no significant difference in hepcidin levels (p=0.511). There was no correlation between hepcidin and ferritin levels in all respondents (p=0.396), and there was a low positive correlation between ferritin and hemoglobin levels in all respondents (p=0.0008).Conclusions: Low-grade chronic systemic inflammation occurs in the OG, but no iron metabolism disorder occurs due to inflammation. Further study is needed to explore the correlation between anemia and obesity in adulthood.KEYWORDS: adolescents; anaemia; Haemoglobin; obesit

Pengaruh pendidikan gizi dalam upaya meningkatkan kepatuhan konsumsi zat besi melalui kelas ibu hamil

Background: Iron deficiency anemia contributed to a number of 50% in anemia and caused mortality of 841,000 every year in the world. Nutrition education before iron supplementation is needed because of low compliance in pregnant women. Gatak Sub District that is located in Sukoharjo Regency had the highest risk in pregnant women by 20.02%.Objective: This research aimed to know the effect of nutrition education in an effort to increase compliance of  iron consumption through prenatal classes in Gatak Sub district Sukoharjo Regency.Method: The method of this research was quasi experiment with pre test-post test with non equivalent control group design. The samples of this research were 70 pregnant women who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. A number of 33 pregnant women were in treatment group and 37 pregnant women were in control group. Treatment group received a nutrition education through anemia booklet and iron supplementation which contained 60 mg sulfas ferosus and 400 µg folic acid on a daily basis in prenatal classes for 3 months. Control group did not receive a nutrition education, but still received a daily iron supplementation for 3 months. Independent t-test and paired t-test were used to analyze data.Results: The knowledge level (higher 12.59), compliance of iron consumption (15.16%), food intakes including energy (higher 9.24%), protein (higher 10.98%), and Fe (higher 6.68%), although those food intakes were still below the RDA, and hemoglobin level (higher 0.44 g/dl), in treatment group compared with control (p0.05).Conclusion: The nutrition education affected the increase in compliance of iron consumption through prenatal classes in Gatak Sub District Sukoharjo Regency

THE RELATION BETWEEN GUT MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY AMONG CHILDREN IN WEST LOMBOK, WEST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA

Background. Obesity in children makes the higher risk of micronutrients deficiency, increase profile lipid, and promote cell inflammation. Some studies report that gut microbiota may have roles in body metabolism include obesity. Our study aimed to compare the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter between obese, normal, and wasted children. Methods. The study was performed in 115 healthy children in West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The total number of bacteria was counted using a culture technique with selective media and total plate count method. Dietary intake assessed to all subjects using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA between three groups. Results. The result showed a significant difference in the number of Escherichia coli between obese, normal, and wasted children (p= 0.02), meanwhile there were no significant differences of dietary intake and the number of Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Bifidobacteria between the three groups. A potential mechanism by which dysbiosis may cause obesity is its ability to produce short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) by fermentation in the colon. It may increase gut permeability, ghrelin secretion, or bind to toll-like-receptor which leads to enhancement of free fatty acid, cholesterol, and adipose tissue synthesis. Conclusion. Dysbiosis often happened in obese children. Obese children tend to have an imbalance of gut microbiota. However, it needs further study to assess the effects of certain gut microbiota on dietary intake and their effects on obesity cases among children. Keywords: children, dysbiosis, gut microbiota, obesit

Asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan motivasi serta hubungannya dengan produktivitas pekerja perempuan pada bagian pencetakan di Pabrik Bakpia Pathuk 25 Yogyakarta

Background: Employees productivity is closely related with nutritional condition. Nutritional condition can be physically assessed by determining nutrition status. Ones nutrition status is directly influenced by nutrient intake. However, health and nutrition status of an employee in general have not got proper attention that lead to decreasing productivity. Productivity is not only influenced by nutrition status but also by psychological factor that involves motivation. Objectives: To identify association between nutrient intake, nutrition status and motivation and productivity of female workers at production department of Bakpia Pathuk 25 Factory Yogyakarta. Method: The study was a survey that used cross sectional design. Subject of the study were female workers at production department as many as 40 people taken through proportional stratified random sampling technique. Data of subject assessed were nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, and Fe), nutrition status, motivation, and productivity. Nutrient intake was assessed using food recall 24 hours within 4 days, nutrition status was specified using anthropometric approach using body mass index (weight/height), motivation was assessed through motivation questionnaire and productivity through quantity of production (raw bakpia) produced by the worker at a time observation (44 minutes for workers at crust production and 1 hour for workers at filling department) within 3 times observation. Result: The result of linear regression analysis showed that association between nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein and Fe), nutrition status and productivity was r0.05 whereas between motivation and productivity was r=0.901R2= 0.812and p=0.000 for variables of wages, intake of energy, Fe and motivation and productivity. Conclusion: There was no significant association between nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein and Fe) and nutrition status and productivitythere was significant association between motivation and productivity. Concurrently only motivation had significant association with productivity. KEY WORDS nutrient intake, nutrition status, motivation, productivity, female worker

Efek suplementasi vitamin A pada ibu nifas terhadap pertumbuhan bayi umur 0-4 bulan = Effect of vitamin A supplementation for mothers at parturition period to growth of infants of 0-4 months

Background: Vitamin A defi ciency is a nutritional problem in infants since breastmilk insuffi ciently contains vitamin A. Therefore it is necessary to study the effect of vitamin A supplementation to mothers at parturition period on growth and morbidities of infants at 0-4 months of age. Objective: To identify the effect of vitamin A supplementation to mothers at parturition period on growth and morbidities of infants at 0-4 months of age. Method: We conducted a randomized controlled trial from March-July 2009 at Province of Lampung. We recruited 90 mothers that were grouped into vitamin A supplementation group and socialization about vitamin A group during parturition period. The outcomes of this study were growth in WHZ and morbidities of infants at 0-4 months of age measured as duration of acute diarrhea and upper respiratory infections. Statistical analysis was performed by using Chi-Square and t-test. Results: The growth of infants of 0-4 months from vitamin A supplemented mothers was not signifi cantly different from the socialization group. Duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infection of infants from supplemented mothers at parturition period was signifi cantly shorter than of infants from socialization group. Conclusion: The growth of infant at 0-4 months of age from vitamin A supplemented mothers at parturition period were not signifi cantly different from those who were from education group. Duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infection of infants from vitamin A supplemented mothers at parturition period were shorter than those who were from education group. KEY WORDS: vitamin A supplementation, mothers at parturition period, infant, growth, morbiditie

Kejadian Anemia pada Bayi Usia 6 Bulan yang Berhubungan dengan Sosial Ekonomi Keluarga dan Usia Pemberian Makanan Pendamping Asi

Background:  The high prevalence of iron deficiency among infant after six months of age, especially in developing country need to be aware because of their long-term consequences for the infant. Iron deficiency in infancy has been shown to delay cognitive and psychomotor development.Objective of the study: The study was conducted to assess the association between maternal hemoglobin concentration at 6 month postpartum, complementary breastfeeding and maternal socioeconomic status at 6 mo with infant hemoglobin concentration at 6 mo.Methods: The study was designed as a cross sectional study. Sample recruited in this study included women at six month postpartum who still breastfeed their baby. Mother’s hemoglobin concentration was analyzed using cyanmethemoglobin method and their infant’s haemoglobin by azidimethemoglobin with HemoCue tool.Results: This study showed that the prevalence of anemia among infants at 6 month of age was very high (75.32%). Complementary breastfeeding and socioeconomic status were associated with infant haemoglobin concentrationsConclusions: Although no significant association between maternal and infant anemia were identified, there was a tendency for anemic mother to have infant with lower haemoglobin concentration.  A longitudinal study is needed to assess this association.Keywords:  infant, lactating mother, hemoglobin status, socioeconomic status, complementary breastfeedin

Tekanan untuk makan dengan kejadian picky eater pada anak usia 2-3 tahun

 Background: Picky eater is potentially at risk for nutritional deficits. In a long term, this habit could affect child’s growth and could lead to malnutritionObjective: This study was conducted to assess the association of maternal food variation, infant feeding practices, and pressure to eat with picky eating behaviors in 2-3 years old children.Method: In this cross-sectional study, mothers (n=141) of children aged 2-3 years old were recruited from 26 integrated health care centers in Gamping, Indonesia between Juni-September 2015 using a cluster random sampling method. Picky eater was calculated using Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Maternal food variation and early age feeding variability data were measured using food variation questionnaire. Data on the pressure to eat were obtained based on subscale pressure to eat in Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the association between maternal food variation, infant feeding practices, and pressure to eat with picky eating behavior.Results: Picky eater was significantly associated with mother pressure to eat (p0,05).Conclusion: Mother has a major role in forming children eating behavior. Not pressing children to eat, will protect children from picky eating