Classification of n-th order limit language in formal language classes

The study of splicing systems and their language has grown rapidly since Paun developed a splicing system known as a regular splicing scheme that produces a regular language. Since then, the researchers have been eager to classify the splicing language into certain classes in the Chomsky hierarchy, such as context-free language, contextsensitive language and recursive enumerable language. Previously, the study on the nth order limit language was conducted from the biological perspective to the limit language produced. Still, no research has been done from the generation of language point of view. This research presents a generalization on the type of classes of the formal language, the n-th order limit language. The cases to obtain the n-th order limit language are revisited and used to obtain the types of language classes according to the Chomsky hierarchy produced by the n-th order limit language

An Introduction to n-th Order Limit Language

The study of the splicing system swiftly grew after Tom Head investigated the biochemical process modelling involving the DNA in 1987. The process of the splicing system consists of a cut and paste of the DNA molecules. Splicing language produced by the splicing system can be classified into inert, transient, and limit language. Previously, second-order limit language was described as a new set of language from the previous splicing language. In this research, we would like to extend the study to n-th order limit language by investigating the effect of the number of rules involved in the splicing system. Following from here, its properties are explored using the formal language theory

Various regulations on the existence of n-th order limit language

In molecular biology, recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid technology has ignited an increase in the interest of new researches. Moreover, the splicing system has generated enthusiasm in developing computational models collaborating with formal language theory. Formal language theory tends to be a natural structure for formalising and investigating DNA computing models from this viewpoint. The work of several researchers who added control structures to the splicing formalism, thus creating universal computation systems, has provided additional inspiration for the study of splicing systems. A splicing system is a conventional model of a set of dsDNA that undergoes the cutting and pasting process with the presence of restriction enzyme and ligase. Previously, an introduction of the n-th order limit language is presented and discussed. The properties and the characteristics of the n-th order limit language are developed and also explained by using examples and sort into a few cases. However, the regulation of the existence of the n-th order limit language is left unintended. In this paper, the factors that restrict the formation of the n-th order limit language are discussed. Several restrictions applied are the length of the rules are not equal and same rules applies on several crossing sites of the initial strings. In addition, some examples are given to show the restriction of the formation of n-order limit language

Characterization of jackfruit straw-based films: effect of starch and plasticizer contents

Jackfruit straws are normally disposed as waste by food industries and vendors which may lead to serious environmental issue. In order to reduce the wastage and negative effects to the environment, jackfruit straw waste generated by jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) shows potential as bio-based film incorporated with starch. This work describes the effect of different starch and plasticizer contents on mechanical and thermal properties of jackfruit straw powder (JSP)/starch films. Film-forming solutions were prepared and cast by mixing JSP with tapioca starch at different ratios and for the plasticized films, ca. 15 - 40% of plasticizers including sorbitol and glycerol were incorporated into the JSP/starch films respectively. The tensile strength and modulus of JSP/starch films pronouncedly increased with increasing starch content, accompanied with a slight decreasing in the elongation at break. The result demonstrated that starch interacted with JSP, resulting in the formation of a new network to improve the properties of JSP films. FTIR spectrum analyses demonstrated the presence of hydrogen bonding in the JSP/starch film. The tensile strength of the plasticized JSP/starch films decreased with increasing sorbitol and glycerol content from 15% to 40%. However, the plasticizing effect of sorbitol became more significant than glycerol, particularly on the tensile properties and thermal stability. Thermal analysis by thermogravimetric showed an increment in the decomposition temperature with the addition of plasticizers into JSP/starch films. The results suggest that films containing JSP and starch have the potential for the development of edible food packaging materials

Modelling of n-TH order limit language using automata theory in DNA splicing system

The study of splicing systems swiftly grew after Head revealed in his research about modelling the biochemical process involving the deoxyribonucleic acid in 1987. The process of the splicing system consists of a cut and paste of the double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. Splicing language produced by the splicing system can be classified into three categories: inert, transient and limit language. Previously, Goode also has defined the n-th order limit language, but she just stated that the previous order of the limit language is distinct from the current order limit language. In this research, the n-th order limit language study is studied by investigating the number of initial strings and rules involved in the splicing system. This research is divided into three categories: the concept of n-th order limit language, automata and biological experiment. The definition of n-th order limit language is improvised and investigated using the number of initial strings and rules involved in the splicing system, where the rule must have the same length. Then, the n-th order limit language is transformed into an automaton diagram by using grammar. Lastly, the n-th order limit language is discussed from the biological aspects. This research provides two experiments that involve several procedures such as multiple digestion, ligation and Polymerase Chain Reaction to generalise the formation of n-th order limit language, which are third and fourth-order limit language models using three and four restriction enzymes, respectively. The enzymes used in the experiments are MspI, AciI, and MseI for Model 1 and AgeI, EagI, BspEI, and AvrII for Model 2

Application of Automata Theory On n-th Order Limit Language

The application of automata theory on the DNA splicing system is rapidly growing from time to time. The idea of a splicing system is formalized by Tom Head in 1987. There are three essential parts in the splicing system models, which are the alphabets, initial strings, and the rules. The alphabets represent the nucleotides or the DNA, known as Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine, which are later abbreviated as a, t, g, c following Watson-Cricks complementary. On the other hand, the set of rules represents the restriction enzyme used for the splicing process. In this research, automata theory is used to transform the limit language into a transition graph. The n-th order limit language is then derived from grammar shown as an automated diagram and shown by transition graphs, which represent the language of transitional labels of DNA molecules derived from the respective splicing system

Generating Clustering-Based Interval Fuzzy Type-2 Triangular and Trapezoidal Membership Functions: A Structured Literature Review

Clustering is more popular than the expert knowledge approach in Interval Fuzzy Type-2 membership function construction because it can construct membership function automatically with less time consumption. Most research proposed a two-fuzzifier fuzzy C-Means clustering method to construct Interval Fuzzy Type-2 membership function which mainly focused on producing Gaussian membership function. The other two important membership functions, triangular and trapezoidal, are constructed using the grid partitioning method. However, the method suffers a drawback of not being able to represent actual data composition in the underlying dataset. Some research proposed triangular and trapezoidal membership functions construction using readily formed Fuzzy Type-1 membership functions, which means it remains unclear how the membership functions are heuristically constructed using fuzzy C-Means outputs. The triangular and trapezoidal membership functions are important because previous works have shown that they may produce superior performance than Gaussian membership function in some applications. Therefore, this paper presents a structured literature review on generating triangular and trapezoidal Interval Fuzzy Type-2 membership functions using fuzzy C-Means. Initially, 110 related manuscripts were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. These manuscripts went through the identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion processes, and as a result, 21 manuscripts were reviewed and discussed in this paper. To ensure that the review also covers the important components of fuzzy logic, this paper also reviews and discusses another 49 manuscripts on fuzzy calculation and operation. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the contributions of the conducted review to the body of knowledge, future research directions and challenges, with the aim to motivate the future works of constructing the methods to generate Interval Fuzzy Type-2 triangular and trapezoidal membership functions using fuzzy C-Means. The methods imply flexibility in choosing membership function type, hence increasing the effectiveness of fuzzy applications through leveraging the advantages that each of the three membership function types could provide

Generating Clustering-Based Interval Fuzzy Type-2 Triangular and Trapezoidal Membership Functions: A Structured Literature Review

Clustering is more popular than the expert knowledge approach in Interval Fuzzy Type-2 membership function construction because it can construct membership function automatically with less time consumption. Most research proposed a two-fuzzifier fuzzy C-Means clustering method to construct Interval Fuzzy Type-2 membership function which mainly focused on producing Gaussian membership function. The other two important membership functions, triangular and trapezoidal, are constructed using the grid partitioning method. However, the method suffers a drawback of not being able to represent actual data composition in the underlying dataset. Some research proposed triangular and trapezoidal membership functions construction using readily formed Fuzzy Type-1 membership functions, which means it remains unclear how the membership functions are heuristically constructed using fuzzy C-Means outputs. The triangular and trapezoidal membership functions are important because previous works have shown that they may produce superior performance than Gaussian membership function in some applications. Therefore, this paper presents a structured literature review on generating triangular and trapezoidal Interval Fuzzy Type-2 membership functions using fuzzy C-Means. Initially, 110 related manuscripts were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. These manuscripts went through the identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion processes, and as a result, 21 manuscripts were reviewed and discussed in this paper. To ensure that the review also covers the important components of fuzzy logic, this paper also reviews and discusses another 49 manuscripts on fuzzy calculation and operation. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the contributions of the conducted review to the body of knowledge, future research directions and challenges, with the aim to motivate the future works of constructing the methods to generate Interval Fuzzy Type-2 triangular and trapezoidal membership functions using fuzzy C-Means. The methods imply flexibility in choosing membership function type, hence increasing the effectiveness of fuzzy applications through leveraging the advantages that each of the three membership function types could provide

Perceptions of undergraduate pharmacy students towards online assessments used during the COVID-19 pandemic in a public university in Malaysia.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the perceptions of undergraduate pharmacy students towards online assessments used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered, validated and pre-tested online questionnaire. The data were collected from December 2020 to January 2021 and analysed using descriptive and inferential tests. Results: Of the 233 respondents (response rate: 72%), approximately 45% strongly disagree or disagree that online assessment is better than the conventional method of assessment. Only 23.6% were very satisfied or satisfied with online assessment, while 28.8% were very dissatisfied or dissatisfied. About 80% experienced problems with online assessment including failure of portal/online server (63.5%), slow or failure of internet connection (45.5%) and a problem with laptop/gadget (40.8%). Females, final year students, and those who have access to very fast internet speed had significantly better perceptions towards online assessment. Conclusion: Undergraduate pharmacy students have negative perceptions towards online assessment used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the students experienced difficulties with online assessment and this may affect their performances. The challenges identified should be addressed in order to improve the use of online assessment in the future