The fuzzy logic is better than Gail model to predict the status of hormonal receptors of breast cancer?

Orientador: Cesar Cabello dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: Objetivo: Comparar a capacidade de predição de estados dos receptores hormonais do modelo de lógica fuzzy em relação ao modelo de Gail em mulheres saudáveis que após cinco anos desenvolveram câncer de mama. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou os dados referentes ao perfil de 341 mulheres cinco anos antes do diagnóstico de câncer de mama, atendidas no ambulatório de mama do CAISM no período de janeiro de 2006 a junho de 2008. A resposta a quimioprevenção está diretamente associada ao estado dos receptores hormonais. Estudos de quimioprevenção utilizam em sua maioria, mulheres com alto risco de câncer de mama, calculado através do modelo de Gail. Utilizou-se um modelo desenvolvido através da lógica fuzzy, para classificar o risco do estado dos receptores hormonais, tendo sido avaliado a sua capacidade de predição, e comparando-se aos valores do risco do modelo de Gail, classificado em alto e baixo risco. O modelo de lógica fuzzy considerou idade, idade à menarca, número de biópsias prévias, o número de familiares afetados por câncer de mama e idade ao primeiro parto. Resultados: O modelo de lógica fuzzy apresentou uma sensibilidade de 89,3% (IC 95% = 85,5-93,1) e acurácia de 72,1% superiores ao modelo de Gail (49,6% e 50,7% respectivamente p < 0,0001), porém uma menor especificidade (23,6%; IC 95% = 14,8-32,4) em relação ao modelo de Gail (53,9%). Conclusão: A lógica fuzzy foi mais eficaz na predição do estado dos receptores hormonais em comparação ao modelo de GailAbstract: Background: To compare the capability of prediction of the state of hormonal receptors used in the fuzzy logic in relation to Gail's model for healthy women that after five years developed breast cancer. Methods: This retrospective study has avaliated the data concerning the profile of 341 women five years before the breast cancer diagnosis who were attend in the breast clinic at the Women's Integral Healthcare Center of Unicamp, between June 2006 and June 2008. The reaction to the chemotherapy is directly associated to the state of the hormonal receptors. Studies concerning chemotherapy as a preventive alternative use in most of the cases women with high risk of having breast cancer and the calculation is made through Gail's method. This study was used the model developed through Fuzzy logic in order to classify the risk concerning the state of the hormonal receptors, evaluating their capacity of prediction and comparing them to the values of risk in Gail's model- which is classified in high and law. In the Fuzzy logic model it was considered the age, the age at menarch, the number of previous biopsies, the number of relatives affected by breast cancer and the age of firt live birth. Results: the Fuzzy logic model presented a sensibility of 89.3% (CI 95% = 85.5- 93.1) e accuracy of 72.1%, higher to Gail's model (49.6% and 50.7% respectively for p < 0.0001), however with a smaller specificity (23.6%; CI 95% = 14.8-32.4) in relation to Gail's model (53.9%). Conclusion: the fuzzy logic was more efficient in predicting the state of hormonal receptors in comparison to Gail's modelMestradoTocoginecologiaMestre em Tocoginecologi

A novel body mass index reference range - an observational study

OBJECTIVE: To generate a new body mass index curve of reference values and ranges for body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy and to compare the new curve and weight gain ranges with the currently used references. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted with a total of 5,656 weight and body mass index measurements in 641 women with single pregnancy who attended their first prenatal visit before 12 weeks. All the women were over 18 years old and had no medical conditions that would influence body mass index. Data were collected using prenatal charts and medical records during hospitalization for childbirth. A linear regression method was used for standard curve smoothing in the general population and for specific curves according to the baseline body mass index classification. Curves were obtained for the 5th, 10th, 50th, 85th, 90th and 95th percentiles. Concordance between the classification of women using the newly generated and currently used curves was evaluated by percentages and kappa coefficients. The weight gain was compared with the reference values of the Institute of Medicine using Student’s T test. The data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.2, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: A general reference curve of percentiles of body mass index by gestational age was established. Additionally, four specific curves were generated according to the four baseline body mass index categories. The new general curve offered percentile limits for women according to their initial body mass index and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention limits, showing poor agreement with the currently used curve (48.3%). Women who were overweight or obese when starting prenatal care had higher weight gain than the Institute of Medicine recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The new proposed curve for body mass index during pregnancy showed weak agreement with the currently used curve. The new curve provided more information regarding body mass index increase using percentiles for general and specific groups of body mass index. Overweight pregnant women showed an upward body mass index trend throughout pregnancy that increased more dramatically than those of other groups of pregnant women, and they also presented a major mean difference between weight gain and the Institute of Medicine recommendation

Shock index and heart rate standard reference values in the immediate postpartum period: a cohort study

To determine Shock Index (SI) reference values in the first two hours of the postpartum period after objectively measuring postpartum bleeding. Materials and methods A complementary analysis using data from a prospective cohort study at Women's Hospital of the University of Campinas, Brazil, between 1 February 2015 and 31 March 2016. It included women giving birth vaginally unless they had one of these conditions: gestational age below 34 weeks, hypertension, hypo-or hyperthyroidism without treatment, any cardiac disease, infections with fever or sepsis, history of coagulopathy or delivery by C-section. Blood loss was measured by adding the blood volume collected in the drape placed under the women's buttocks and the weight of gauzes and compresses used (excluding the dry weight). Vital signs were measured every 5-15 min after delivery. Exploratory data analysis was performed to assess the mean, standard deviation, median, and percentiles (5 th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th). To identify variation among the periods after delivery, the mean SI and heart rate (HR) values observed for the following intervals were used in the analysis: 0-20 min, 21-40 min, 41-60 min, 61-90 min and 91-120 min. Results One hundred eighty-six women were included. The mean age +/- SD was 24.9 +/- 6.1 years and the mean gestational age at birth was 39.2 +/- 1.8 weeks. At the puerperal period, the mean SI values ranged from 0.68 +/- 0.14 to 0.74 +/- 0.15. The percentile distribution ranged from 0.46 (5 th percentile) to 1.05 (95 th percentile). The mean HR values ranged from 80.8 +/- 12.7 bpm to 92.3 +/- 14.4 bpm. The percentile distribution ranged from 62.0 bpm (5th percentile) to 117 bpm (95 th percentile). Conclusion Reference ranges were established for SI and HR values which showed small variations throughout the postpartum period14

Accuracy Of Sonography And Hysteroscopy In The Diagnosis Of Premalignant And Malignant Polyps In Postmenopausal Women.

To evaluate the accuracy of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic characteristics in predicting malignancy in postmenopausal women undergoing surgical resection of endometrial polyps. Five hundred twenty-one (521) postmenopausal women undergoing hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps between January 1998 and December 2008 were studied. For each value of sonographic endometrial thickness and polyp size on hysteroscopy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated in relation to the histologic diagnosis of malignancy. The best values of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malignancy were determined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Histologic diagnosis identified the presence of premalignancy or malignancy in 4.1% of cases. Sonographic measurement revealed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of malignant polyps when compared to benign and premalignant polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, malignant endometrial polyps were also larger. An endometrial thickness of 13 mm showed a sensitivity of 69.6%, specificity of 68.5%, PPV of 9.3%, and NPV of 98% in predicting malignancy in endometrial polyps. Polyp measurement by hysteroscopy showed that for polyps 30 mm in size, the sensitivity was 47.8%, specificity was 66.1%, PPV was 6.1%, and NPV was 96.5% for predicting cancer. Sonographic endometrial thickness showed a higher level of accuracy than hysteroscopic measurement in predicting malignancy in endometrial polyps. Despite this, both techniques showed low accuracy for predicting malignancy in endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women. In suspected cases, histologic evaluation is necessary to exclude malignancy.35243-

Acurácia da ultrassonografia e da histeroscopia no diagnóstico de pólipos endometriais pré-malignos e malignos na pós-menopausa

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic characteristics in predicting malignancy in postmenopausal women undergoing surgical resection of endometrial polyps. METHODS: Five hundred twenty-one (521) postmenopausal women undergoing hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps between January 1998 and December 2008 were studied. For each value of sonographic endometrial thickness and polyp size on hysteroscopy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated in relation to the histologic diagnosis of malignancy. The best values of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malignancy were determined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Histologic diagnosis identified the presence of premalignancy or malignancy in 4.1% of cases. Sonographic measurement revealed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of malignant polyps when compared to benign and premalignant polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, malignant endometrial polyps were also larger. An endometrial thickness of 13 mm showed a sensitivity of 69.6%, specificity of 68.5%, PPV of 9.3%, and NPV of 98% in predicting malignancy in endometrial polyps. Polyp measurement by hysteroscopy showed that for polyps 30 mm in size, the sensitivity was 47.8%, specificity was 66.1%, PPV was 6.1%, and NPV was 96.5% for predicting cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic endometrial thickness showed a higher level of accuracy than hysteroscopic measurement in predicting malignancy in endometrial polyps. Despite this, both techniques showed low accuracy for predicting malignancy in endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women. In suspected cases, histologic evaluation is necessary to exclude malignancy.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da espessura endometrial ecográfica e características histeroscópicas em predizer malignidade em mulheres na pós-menopausa submetidas à ressecção cirúrgica de pólipos endometriais. MÉTODOS: Quinhentos e vinte e uma (521) mulheres na pós-menopausa submetidas à ressecção histeroscópica de pólipo endometrial entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2008 foram incluídas no estudo. Para cada valor de espessura endometrial ecográfica e tamanho dos pólipos na histeroscopia, a sensibilidade, a especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foram calculados em relação ao diagnóstico histológico de malignidade. Os melhores valores de sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de malignidade foram determinados pela curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico histológico identificou a presença de pré-malignidade ou malignidade em 4,1% dos casos. A espessura endometrial medida por ultrassonografia em casos de pólipos malignos foi maior quando comparado com pólipos benignos e pré-malignos. Na histeroscopia os pólipos malignos também foram maiores. A espessura endometrial de 13 mm mostrou uma sensibilidade de 69,6%, especificidade de 68,5%, VPP de 9,3% e VPN de 98% para predizer malignidade em pólipo endometrial. A medida do pólipo por histeroscopia mostrou que para pólipos de 30 mm de tamanho, a sensibilidade foi de 47,8%, a especificidade foi de 66,1%, VPP foi de 6,1% e VPN foi de 96,5% para predizer o câncer. CONCLUSÕES: A espessura endometrial ultrassonográfica mostrou uma maior acurácia que a avaliação histeroscópica do tamanho do pólipo para predizer malignidade nessas lesões endometriais. Apesar disso, ambas as técnicas não mostraram boa acurácia para excluir a necessidade de fazer a avaliação histológica dos casos suspeitos.24324

Posição vertical durante o trabalho de parto: dor e satisfação

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the vertical position adopted by nulliparous women during labor in terms of pain and satisfaction with the position. METHODS: the study was based on a secondary efficacy analysis of data from 107 nulliparous women enrolled in a randomized controlled trial in which the vertical position adopted during the dilation phase of labor was evaluated. The analysis involved comparing the median percentages of the duration for which women remained in the vertical position for each of the variables studied . The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine the difference s betwee n th e groups. Statistical significance was set at p 7 (p=0.02) . At 4 and 6 cm of dilation , the women who reported greater satisfaction remained more than 50 % of the time in the vertical position (p=0.0 2 an d p=0.03 , respectively). CONCLUSIONS: the vertical position helped relieve labor pain and increased comfort and patient satisfaction.OBJETIVOS: avaliar a posição vertical , adotada por mulheres nulíparas durante o trabalho de parto , em relação à dor e satisfação com a posição. MÉTODOS: abordagem analítica distinta, complementar e de eficácia de 107 nulíparas, secundária aos dados de um ensaio controlado randomizado, que avaliou a posição vertical em nulíparas durante a fase de dilatação do trabalho de parto. A análise foi realizada pela comparação das porcentagens medianas do tempo de permanência na posição vertical para cada categoria das variáveis estudadas. Para testar as diferenças entre as variáveis foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e de Mann-Whitney. A significância foi estabelecida em p 7 (p=0.02). As mulheres mais satisfeitas, aos 4 e 6 cm de dilatação, permaneceram mais de 50 % do tempo na posição vertical (p=0.0 2 e p=0.03, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: a posição vertical auxiliou no alívio da dor , melhorou o conforto e satisfação das parturientes.393398Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis and Musculoskeletal Status: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

With increased life expectancy of the world's population that has taken place in recent decades, there has been growth in the incidence of illnesses of the most advanced ages, including osteoporosis. However, changes in musculoskeletal disorders are not yet so clear. This study proposes to evaluate musculoskeletal alterations in osteoporotic postmenopausal women and healthy and correlate with bone mineral density of the lumbar spine. Randomized, examiner-blinded, comparative cross-sectional study was designed with two groups of women attending the Menopause Clinic in the UNICAMP, 30 women with osteoporosis, while 33 women without osteoporosis comprised the second group. Diagnosis of the presence or absence of osteoporosis was based on bone densitometry performed on the lumbar spine. Volunteers were interviewed and underwent a physical examination with the same examiner, including the muscle strength and amplitude of movement of back flexion and extension, angles of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis, as well as static and dynamic balance. Mean back flexors and extensors strength was significantly lower in women with osteoporosis (P < 0.01). Flexion spinal range of motion was similar in both groups (P = 0.91). However, movement amplitude of spine extension was 20.5 (o)C in women with osteoporosis and 28.4 (o)C in women without osteoporosis. Thoracic kyphosis angles from T1 to T4 (P < 0.01) and lumbar lordosis angles (P = 0.02) were greater in women with osteoporosis. Seventy-three point three percent of women with osteoporosis and 78.8% of women without osteoporosis had good reply to static balance. Women in both groups had poor results to dynamic balance. No significant differences were observed in static or dynamic balance between women with and without osteoporosis. Vertebral fractures were present in 20% of women with osteoporosis and absent in women without osteoporosis. Women with osteoporosis in the study population had poorer musculoskeletal status than women without osteoporosis. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether correction of these alterations would be related to preventing falls and reducing fracture risk. Balance; Kyphosis; Mobility; Muscle strength; Osteoporosis; Postmenopausal

Women's life quality after physical therapy treatment for stress urinary incontinence

PURPOSE: to compare women's quality of life (QoL) before and after physical therapy treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: an uncontrolled clinical trial of 26 women, who had mainly complaints of SUI. Post-menopausal women with overactive bladder, cystocele >grade II and previous surgical/conservative treatments were excluded from the study. The physiotherapy treatment relied on 12 individual pelvic floor exercises assisted by electromyographyc-biofeedback sessions. A total of 200 contractions were carried out, divided in phasic (quick) and tonic (slow). The tool used to evaluate QoL was the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), before and after the treatment. RESULTS: there was a decrease in the urinary symptoms, particularly in urinary frequency, nocturia, urgency and urinary incontinence. Regarding the QoL, there was a significant improvement in the following domain scores: general health perception (49.0&plusmn;24.0 versus 26.9&plusmn;15.7; p=0.0015), incontinence impact (78.2&plusmn;28.2 versus 32.1&plusmn;30.5; p=0.001), activity limitation (75.0&plusmn;28.2 versus 13.5&plusmn;22.6; p<0.001), physical limitation (72.4&plusmn;29.4 versus 15.4&plusmn;24.5; p<0.001), social limitations (38.3&plusmn;28.6 versus 6.4&plusmn;14.5; p<0.001), emotions (59.0&plusmn;33.8 versus 14.1&plusmn;24.7; p=0.0001, sleep/energy (34.0&plusmn;23.8 versus 6.4&plusmn;16.4; p=0.001) and severity measures (66.9&plusmn;19.6 versus 22.3&plusmn;24.2; p<0.001), except for personal relationships (60.5&plusmn;33.9 versus 41.7&plusmn;16.7; p=0.0679). CONCLUSIONS: there was an improvement in several aspects of women's QoL treated by physiotherapy, when evaluated with a specific tool, the KHQ.OBJETVO: comparar a qualidade de vida (QV) antes e após tratamento fisioterápico de mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). MÉTODOS: ensaio clínico não controlado com 26 mulheres com queixa clínica predominantemente de IUE. Foram excluídas mulheres na pós-menopausa, com hiperatividade do detrusor, com cistocele grau II ou maior e tratamento cirúrgico/conservador anterior. O tratamento fisioterápico constituiu-se em 12 sessões individuais de cinesioterapia do assoalho pélvico associadas ao biofeedback eletromiográfico, e as mesmas realizavam 200 contrações divididas entre fásicas (rápidas) e tônicas (lentas). Para avaliar a QV, todas responderam ao King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), antes e após o tratamento. Os dados foram descritos em freqüências, médias e desvios-padrões, medianas, mínimos e máximos. Os escores do KHQ foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas, com nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: houve uma diminuição dos sintomas urinários, particularmente da freqüência urinária, noctúria, urgência miccional e perdas urinárias aos esforços. Observou-se uma melhora significativa nos escores dos domínios do KHQ: percepção da saúde (49,0&plusmn;24,0 versus 26,9&plusmn;15,7; p=0,0015), impacto da incontinência (78,2&plusmn;28,2 versus 32,1&plusmn;30,5; p=0,001), limitações das atividades diárias (75,0&plusmn;28,2 versus 13,5&plusmn;22,6; p<0,001), limitações físicas (72,4&plusmn;29,4 versus 15,4&plusmn;24,5; p<0,001), limitações sociais (38,3&plusmn;28,6 versus 6,4&plusmn;14,5; p<0,001), emoções (59,0&plusmn;33,8 versus 14,1&plusmn;24,7; p=0,0001), sono/energia (34,0&plusmn;23,8 versus 6,4&plusmn;16,4; p=0,001) e as medidas de gravidade (66,9&plusmn;19,6 versus 22,3&plusmn;24,2; p<0,001), exceto das relações pessoais (60,5&plusmn;33,9 versus 41,7&plusmn;16,7; p=0,0679). CONCLUSÕES: a QV de mulheres com IUE tratadas com fisioterapia pode melhorar em diversos aspectos, quando avaliada com um instrumento específico, como o KHQ.13414

Factores asociados con el acceso anterior a la gestación a los servicios de salud por adolescentes gestantes

OBJECTIVE: To assess determinants of access to primary care services prior to pregnancy by pregnant adolescents. METHODS: Theory-based cross-sectional study conducted to examine access to heath services at five dimensions: geographic, economic, administrative, psychosocial and information. There were included in the study 200 first-time pregnant adolescents (aged 10 to 19 years) who attended a primary care unit in the municipality of Indaiatuba, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire applied in face-to-face interviews conducted just before their first pre-natal care visit. Data analyses were performed through Person's chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and by a multivariate logistic regression model including all five dimensions of access. RESULTS: More than half (63.7%) of the adolescents utilized some gynecological care service. Information (43.8%) or psychosocial feelings of embarrassment or fear (37.0%) barriers were the most frequent reasons given for not having sought care before. The main barrier to health service access was related to the psychosocial dimension, reported by 77.0% of the adolescents studied. CONCLUSIONS: Among all barriers to health service access, the most important were those related to the psychosocial dimension. There is a need for new strategies to facilitate access to health services by adolescents, including actions to reduce gender-based barriers taking into consideration sociodemographic characteristics of this population and the relationship they have with their partners.OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores determinantes del acceso de adolescentes gestantes a los servicios de atención primaria a la salud, anterior a la ocurrencia de la gestación. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó estudio transversal basado en referencial teórico. El acceso a servicios fue analizado en cinco dimensiones: geográfico, económico, administrativo, psicosocial y de información. Participaron 200 adolescentes primigestas (10 a 19 años) atendidas en una unidad básica de salud del municipio de Indaiatuba (Sureste de Brasil), en 2003. Se aplicó a las participantes en el momento de su primera consulta pre-natal un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y cerradas referentes al acceso al último servicio de salud utilizado, anterior a la gestación. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson o exacto de Fischer y por regresión logística múltiple, considerando las cinco dimensiones del acceso. RESULTADOS: Más de la mitad (63,7%) de las adolescentes utilizó algún servicio de salud para consulta ginecológica. Entre las que nunca consultaron un ginecólogo, las justificativas dadas fueron falta de información (43,8%) o sentimiento de miedo o vergüenza (37,0%). La principal dificultad de acceso al servicio estuvo relacionada con barreras psicosociales, identificadas por 77,0% de las adolescentes. CONCLUSIONES: Entre las barreras de acceso al servicio de salud, fueron significativas solo las psicosociales. Son necesarias nuevas estrategias para facilitar el acceso al servicio de salud a las adolescentes, incluyendo acciones que disminuyan las barreras de género y que se consideren sus características sociodemográficas y el vínculo con sus parejas.OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores determinantes do acesso de adolescentes gestantes a serviços de atenção primária à saúde, anterior à ocorrência da gestação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal baseado em referencial teórico. O acesso a serviços foi analisado em cinco dimensões: geográfico, econômico, administrativo, psicossocial e de informação. Participaram 200 adolescentes primigestas (10 a 19 anos) atendidas em uma unidade básica de saúde do município de Indaiatuba (SP), em 2003. Um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas referentes ao acesso ao último serviço de saúde utilizado, anterior à gestação, foi aplicado às participantes no momento de sua primeira consulta de pré-natal. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher e por regressão logística múltipla, considerando as cinco dimensões de acesso. RESULTADOS: Mais da metade (63,7%) das adolescentes utilizou algum serviço de saúde para consulta ginecológica. Entre as que nunca consultaram um ginecologista, as justificativas dadas foram falta de informação (43,8%) ou sentimento de medo ou vergonha (37,0%). A principal dificuldade de acesso ao serviço esteve relacionada a barreiras psicossociais, identificadas por 77,0% das adolescentes. CONCLUSÕES: Entre as barreiras de acesso ao serviço de saúde, foram significativas apenas as psicossociais. São necessárias novas estratégias para facilitar o acesso ao serviço de saúde às adolescentes, incluindo ações que diminuam as barreiras de gênero e que se considerem suas características sociodemográficas e o vínculo com seus parceiros