Legal Enforcement of Social Rights: Enabling Conditions and Impact Assessment

This article commends the concise and useful analysis of courts and the legal enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights given in Christian Courtis’ book, Courts and the Legal Enforcement of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Comparative Experiences of Justiciability. Yet, in order to complete the picture, a broader analysis of the enabling conditions for litigation and of the social and political impact of judicial activity in this field is required. There are a number of reasons why attempts to litigate economic, social and cultural rights may not result in judicial enforcement and why, even if enforcement is achieved in formal terms, this may not necessarily protect or fulfill the right in practice. Even when compliance is secured in terms of individuals, this may be insignificant or even detrimental to the realisation of the right from a societal perspective. While not dismissing a constructive role for courts in the enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights, it is crucial to investigate carefully who benefits from court enforcement and under what circumstances judicial enforcement is likely to advance the broader realisation of the rights and benefit those whose rights are most at risk. Assessing empirically the impact of social rights litigation is challenging and has rarely been done in a systematic fashion, but this article suggests ways in which this can be pursued

Significant enhancement of irreversibility field in clean-limit bulk MgB2

Low resistivity ("clean") MgB2 bulk samples annealed in Mg vapor show an increase in upper critical field Hc2(T) and irreversibility field Hirr(T) by a factor of 2 in both transport and magnetic measurements. The best sample displayed Hirr above 14 T at 4.2 K and 6 T at 20 K. These changes were accompanied by an increase of the 40 K resistivity from 1.0 to 18 microohm-cm and a lowering of the resistivity ratio from 15 to 3, while the critical temperature Tc decreased by only 1-2 K. These results point the way to make prepare MgB2 attractive for magnet applications.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Applied Physics Letter

Kualitas Pelayanan Frontliner dan Kepuasan Nasabah

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruhkualitas pelayanan frontliner dengan kepuasan nasabah padaPT. Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Cikupa dan seberapasignifikan keadaan pengaruh tersebut. Penelitian inimenggunakan metode kuesioner/angket dan observasi.Kuesioner/angket digunakan untuk memperoleh data tentangkarakteristik responden yaitu nasabah dan untuk memperolehdata tentang pengaruh kualitas pelayanan frontliner dengankepuasan nasabah pada PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri CabangCikupa melalui pernyataan/pertanyaan dalamkuesioner/angket tersebut. Sedangkan observasi digunakanuntuk pengamatan langsung tempat penelitian serta mengalidata tentang strukstur organisasi, populasi dan sampel. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi responden terhadapkualitas pelayanan frontliner dalam kategori cukup baik danterhadap kepuasan nasabah dalam kategori cukup puas

The EU’s Proposed Reform of Directors’ Duties and the Missing Link to Soft Law

In this paper, we investigate whether reform of EU company law is needed to make corporate governance more sustainable. We also consider some issues to which the EU proposals on company law and sustainability paid scant attention, such as the role of corporate governance codes and other types of soft law, mainly of international origin, in promoting sustainable governance. In addition, we underline that in recent years the EU has adopted several measures which offer better prospects for sustainable governance than the reform of directors' duties the EU is currently debating. We conclude that the failure to take corporate governance codes and the existing regulatory framework into account could seriously impair pending reforms of directors' duties and their link to sustainability

Cu_{2}O as nonmagnetic semiconductor for spin transport in crystalline oxide electronics

We probe spin transport in Cu_{2}O by measuring spin valve effect in La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3}/Cu_{2}O/Co and La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3}/Cu_{2}O/La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3} epitaxial heterostructures. In La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3}/Cu_{2}O/Co systems we find that a fraction of out-of-equilibrium spin polarized carrier actually travel across the Cu_{2}O layer up to distances of almost 100 nm at low temperature. The corresponding spin diffusion length dspin is estimated around 40 nm. Furthermore, we find that the insertion of a SrTiO_{3} tunneling barrier does not improve spin injection, likely due to the matching of resistances at the interfaces. Our result on dspin may be likely improved, both in terms of Cu_{2}O crystalline quality and sub-micrometric morphology and in terms of device geometry, indicating that Cu_{2}O is a potential material for efficient spin transport in devices based on crystalline oxides.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figure

Critical Field of MGB2 : Crossover from Clean to Dirty Regimes

We have studied the upper critical field, Bc2, in poly-crystalline MgB2 samples in which disorder was varied in a controlled way to carry selectively p and s bands from clean to dirty limit. We have found that the clean regime survives when p bands are dirty and s bands are midway between clean and dirty. In this framework we can explain the anomalous behaviour of Al doped samples, in which Bc2 decreases as doping increases.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure

Geospatial Standards and the Knowledge Generation Lifescycle

Standards play an essential role at each stage in the sequence of processes by which knowledge is generated from geoscience observations, simulations and analysis. This paper provides an introduction to the field of informatics and the knowledge generation lifecycle in the context of the geosciences. In addition we discuss how the newly formed Earth Science Informatics Technical Committee is helping to advance the application of standards and best practices to make data and data systems more usable and interoperable

American Airlines: Bankrupt, Like Every Other Legacy Airline

American held out to the end, being the last of the large legacy carriers to file for Chapter 11 protection. This case reviews the history of American from its inception through its filing. Current strategies and industry trends are also examined