90 research outputs found

    Impact hydrochimique d'une ballastière en eau sur les eaux souterraines

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    La notion d'impact d'une ballastière en eau sur la qualité des eaux souterraines comporte deux aspects : impact naturel et impact artificiel dû à une pollution accidentelle. L'évaluation de ces deux types d'impact a été menée pour deux ballastières de l'aquifère rhénan alsacien. Dans ce but, la qualité des eaux des deux ballastières profondes - l'une abandonnée, l'autre exploitée - du site pilote expérimental de la Wantzenau, au nord de Strasbourg, a fait l'objet d'une surveillance particulière. Des échantillons d'eau ont également été prélevés dans des piézomètres situés en amont et en aval immédiats des ballastières. Aucun des deux étangs ne constitue une source de dégradation de la qualité des eaux souterraines aval, dont une partie est captée à des fins d'alimentation en eau potable à 300 mètres des berges aval de ces ballastières. Le risque de la pollution accidentelle d'une nappe par ballastière interposée demeure au contraire un problème préoccupant. Une modélisation mathématique des échanges hydrochimiques entre nappe et ballastières a alors été mise en oeuvre, sur le cas de la Wantzenau. L'étalonnage préalable du modèle utilisé a été réalisé pour le traceur chlorure. La réussite de cette première étape a autorisé la simulation de divers cas de contaminations "fictives" de la qualité des eaux captées pour l'alimentation en eau potable.A gravel pit can exert two different types of hydrochemical impacts on downstream groundwaters : a nature impact and an artificial impact caused by accidental pollution.The first impact was studied in the case of gravel pits of the Rhenan Alsatian aquifer. The water quality of two deep graves pits (one of them is still exploited) was closely observed in the experimental field at la Wantzenau (north eastern France, north of Strasbourg).The artificial impact was simulated with a mathematical modelisation. Water samples of gravel pits and upstream and downstream groundwaters were analysed. As a result, the presence of the gravel pits does not after the downstream groundwater quality. In particular, no influence was observed on the quality of water pumped at a station situated 300 meters away from the gravel pits.On the contrary, the accidental pollution of an aquifer - from or through - a gravel pit remains quite a problem. A mathematical modelisation of the hydrochemical exchanges between the aquifer and the gravel pits was set up. The preliminary adjustment of the model was carried out on the propagation of the chloride ion, which behaves as a natural tracer. The issue of this first step authorized a simulation of different cases of fictitious chemical contamination of the water pumped at the station

    Does shade improve light interception efficiency? A comparison among seedlings from shade-tolerant and -intolerant temperate deciduous tree species

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    • Here, we tested two hypotheses: shading increases light interception efficiency (LIE) of broadleaved tree seedlings, and shade-tolerant species exhibit larger LIEs than do shade-intolerant ones. The impact of seedling size was taken into account to detect potential size-independent effects on LIE. LIE was defined as the ratio of mean light intercepted by leaves to light intercepted by a horizontal surface of equal area. • Seedlings from five species differing in shade tolerance (Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, A. pseudoplatanus, B. pendula, Fagus sylvatica) were grown under neutral shading nets providing 36, 16 and 4% of external irradiance. Seedlings (1- and 2-year-old) were three-dimensionally digitized, allowing calculation of LIE. • Shading induced dramatic reduction in total leaf area, which was lowest in shade-tolerant species in all irradiance regimes. Irradiance reduced LIE through increasing leaf overlap with increasing leaf area. There was very little evidence of significant size-independent plasticity of LIE. • No relationship was found between the known shade tolerance of species and LIE at equivalent size and irradiance

    Assessment of morphogenetically active radiation within plant canopies from light tranfer modelling

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    Crop structure and light microclimate characterization and applications

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