406 research outputs found
Interplay of topology and geometry in frustrated 2d Heisenberg magnets
We investigate two-dimensional frustrated Heisenberg magnets using
non-perturbative renormalization group techniques. These magnets allow for
point-like topological defects which are believed to unbind and drive either a
crossover or a phase transition which separates a low temperature, spin-wave
dominated regime from a high temperature regime where defects are abundant. Our
approach can account for the crossover qualitatively and both the temperature
dependence of the correlation length as well as a broad but well defined peak
in the specific heat are reproduced. We find no signatures of a finite
temperature transition and an accompanying diverging length scale. Our analysis
is consistent with a rapid crossover driven by topological defects.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, final version to appear in Physical Review
Functional renormalization group in the broken symmetry phase: momentum dependence and two-parameter scaling of the self-energy
We include spontaneous symmetry breaking into the functional renormalization
group (RG) equations for the irreducible vertices of Ginzburg-Landau theories
by augmenting these equations by a flow equation for the order parameter, which
is determined from the requirement that at each RG step the vertex with one
external leg vanishes identically. Using this strategy, we propose a simple
truncation of the coupled RG flow equations for the vertices in the broken
symmetry phase of the Ising universality class in D dimensions. Our truncation
yields the full momentum dependence of the self-energy Sigma (k) and
interpolates between lowest order perturbation theory at large momenta k and
the critical scaling regime for small k. Close to the critical point, our
method yields the self-energy in the scaling form Sigma (k) = k_c^2 sigma^{-}
(k | xi, k / k_c), where xi is the order parameter correlation length, k_c is
the Ginzburg scale, and sigma^{-} (x, y) is a dimensionless two-parameter
scaling function for the broken symmetry phase which we explicitly calculate
within our truncation.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, puplished versio
Landau functions for non-interacting bosons
We discuss the statistics of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a canonical
ensemble of N non-interacting bosons in terms of a Landau function L_N^{BEC}
(q) defined by the logarithm of the probability distribution of the order
parameter q for BEC. We also discuss the corresponding Landau function for
spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), which for finite N should be distinguished
from L_N^{BEC}. Only for intinite N BEC and SSB can be described by the same
Landau function which depends on the dimensionality and on the form of the
external potential in a surprisingly complex manner. For bosons confined by a
three-dimensional harmonic trap the Landau function exhibits the usual behavior
expected for continuous phase transitions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; final version to appear as a rapid communication
in Physical Review A. Abstract modified and typos correcte
Spectral function and quasi-particle damping of interacting bosons in two dimensions
We employ the functional renormalization group to study dynamical properties
of the two-dimensional Bose gas. Our approach is free of infrared divergences,
which plague the usual diagrammatic approaches, and is consistent with the
exact Nepomnyashchy identity, which states that the anomalous self-energy
vanishes at zero frequency and momentum. We recover the correct infrared
behavior of the propagators and present explicit results for the spectral
line-shape, from which we extract the quasi-particle dispersion and damping.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, revisited version, to appear as Phys. Rev. Lette
Automatic detection of end QRS notching or slurring
The purpose of this study was to define criteria suited to automated detection of end QRS notching and slurring and to evaluate their accuracy. One hundred resting 12 lead ECGs from young adult men, split randomly into equal training and test sets, were examined independently by two reviewers for the presence of such notching or slurring. Consensus was reached by re-examination. Logic was added to the Glasgow resting ECG program to automate the detection of the phenomenon. After training, the automated detection had a sensitivity (SE) of 92.1% and a specificity (SP) of 96.6%. For the test set, SE was 90.5%, SP 96.5%. Two populations of healthy subjects – one Caucasian, one Nigerian – were analysed using the automated method. The prevalence of notching/slurring with peak/onset amplitude respectively ≥ 0.1 mV in two contiguous inferolateral leads was 23% and 29% respectively. In conclusion, the detection of end QRS notching or slurring can be automated with a high degree of accuracy
Non-perturbative renormalization-group approach to zero-temperature Bose systems
We use a non-perturbative renormalization-group technique to study
interacting bosons at zero temperature. Our approach reveals the instability of
the Bogoliubov fixed point when and yields the exact infrared
behavior in all dimensions within a rather simple theoretical framework.
It also enables to compute the low-energy properties in terms of the parameters
of a microscopic model. In one-dimension and for not too strong interactions,
it yields a good picture of the Luttinger-liquid behavior of the superfluid
phase.Comment: v1) 6 pages, 8 figures; v2) added references; v3) corrected typo
Optical Properties of Strained Graphene
The optical conductivity of graphene strained uniaxially is studied within
the Kubo-Greenwood formalism. Focusing on inter-band absorption, we analyze and
quantify the breakdown of universal transparency in the visible region of the
spectrum, and analytically characterize the transparency as a function of
strain and polarization. Measuring transmittance as a function of incident
polarization directly reflects the magnitude and direction of strain. Moreover,
direction-dependent selection rules permit identification of the lattice
orientation by monitoring the van-Hove transitions. These photoelastic effects
in graphene can be explored towards atomically thin, broadband optical
elements
Lack of detectable chemosynthesis at a sponge dominated subarctic methane seep
We used high-resolution imagery within a Geographic Information System (GIS), free gas and porewater analyses and animal bulk stable isotope measurements to characterize the biotic and abiotic aspects of the newly discovered Vestbrona Carbonate Field (VCF) seep site on the Norwegian shelf (63°28′N, 6° 31′E, ∿270 m water depth). Free gas was mainly composed of microbial methane. Sediment porewater sulfide concentrations were in the millimolar range and thus high enough to sustain seep chemosymbiotrophic animals. Nonetheless, the VCF lacked chemosymbiotrophic animals despite an abundance of methane-derived carbonate crusts which are formed by the same anaerobic processes that sustain chemosymbiotrophic animals at seeps. Furthermore, none of the sampled taxa, across various trophic guilds exhibited a detectable contribution of chemosynthetically fixed carbon to their diets based on bulk stable isotope values, suggesting a predominantly photosynthetic source of carbon to the VCF seep food web. We link the absence of chemosymbiotrophic animals to highly localized methane flow pathways, which may act as a “shunt-bypass” of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and by extension sulfide generation, thus leading to sediment sulfide concentrations that are highly heterogeneous over very short lateral distances, inhibiting the successful colonization of chemosymbiotrophic animals at the VCF seep. Instead, the seep hosted diverse biological communities, consisting of heterotrophic benthic fauna, including long lived taxa, such as soft corals (e.g., Paragorgia arborea) and stony corals (i.e., Desmophyllum pertusum, formerly known as Lophelia pertusa). Compared to the surrounding non-seep seafloor, we measured heightened megafaunal density at the seep, which we attribute to increased habitat heterogeneity and the presence of a variety of hard substrates (i.e., methane-derived authigenic carbonates, dropstones and coral rubble), particularly since the most abundant taxa all belonged to the phylum Porifera. Compared to the surrounding non-seep seafloor, marine litter was denser within the VCF seep, which we link to the more variable local topography due to authigenic carbonates, which can rip off parts of bottom trawling nets thereby making the seep act as catchment area for marine litter
Therapies with CCL25 require controlled release via microparticles to avoid strong inflammatory reactions
Background: Chemokine therapy with C-C motif chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) is currently under investigation as a promising approach to treat articular cartilage degeneration. We developed a delayed release mechanism based on Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticle encapsulation for intraarticular injections to ensure prolonged release of therapeutic dosages. However, CCL25 plays an important role in immune cell regulation and inflammatory processes like T-cell homing and chronic tissue inflammation. Therefore, the potential of CCL25 to activate immune cells must be assessed more thoroughly before further translation into clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of different immune cell subsets upon stimulation with different dosages of CCL25 in comparison to CCL25 released from PLGA particles.
Results: Immune cell subsets were treated for up to 5 days with CCL25 and subsequently analyzed regarding their cytokine secretion, surface marker expression, polarization, and migratory behavior. The CCL25 receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 9 (CCR9) was expressed to a different extent on all immune cell subsets. Direct stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with high dosages of CCL25 resulted in strong increases in the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), upregulation of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) on monocytes and CD4(+) T-cells, as well as immune cell migration along a CCL25 gradient. Immune cell stimulation with the supernatants from CCL25 loaded PLGA microparticles caused moderate increases in MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-1 beta levels, but no changes in surface marker expression or migration. Both CCL25-loaded and unloaded PLGA microparticles induced an increase in IL-8 and MCP-1 release in PBMCs and macrophages, and a slight shift of the surface marker profile towards the direction of M2-macrophage polarization.
Conclusions: While supernatants of CCL25 loaded PLGA microparticles did not provoke strong inflammatory reactions, direct stimulation with CCL25 shows the critical potential to induce global inflammatory activation of human leukocytes at certain concentrations. These findings underline the importance of a safe and reliable release system in a therapeutic setup. Failure of the delivery system could result in strong local and systemic inflammatory reactions that could potentially negate the benefits of chemokine therapy
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