A study on clinical profile of patients presenting with adverse drug reaction: a hospital based prospective observational study

Background: The aim of the study was to study the clinical profile of patients presenting with adverse drug reaction.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, IGMC Shimla from 01 July 2015 to 30 June 2016. A total of 129 patients were included in this study. A detailed history was taken followed by examination of patients. The routine investigations were done and special investigations as per need. For analysis patients detail, suspected drugs and the adverse drug reactions caused by them were used.Results: Bleeding from various sites was the most common event (39.5%), followed by symptomatic hypoglycemia 22.5% of events and symptomatic hyponatremia in 16.3% events. Amongst various drug classes anticoagulants were the most commonly involved drug class followed by oral hypoglycaemic agents, diuretics and antiplatelets. Type A was predominant ADR constituting (97.7%) of total ADRs and only (2.3%) of ADRs were of type B. After causality assessment, majority 86 (66.6%) were probable related and large number 127 (98.3%) of ADRs were serious which recovered after hospitalization.Conclusions: Our study revealed that ADRs are frequent and are easily recognized in clinical practice and are mostly preventable. Most ADRs are due to the use of drugs with high toxicity for example, warfarin often results in bleeding. It also shows that careful drug monitoring in hospitals  may lead to reduction of many such ADRs, suggesting that some type A, ADRs may be due to inadequate monitoring of therapies and doses. This study will aid the development of interventions to reduce the impact of ADRs in hospital in-patients

Scaling Mechanization and Profitability in Maize Cultivation through Innovative Maize Planters along with Agroforestry Approach Sustainable and Climate Smart Approach to Diversify Rice Based Cereal Systems in Various Regions

Keeping in view declining water tables in India and across the world, low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and global warming potential (GWP) for maize as compared to rice a study was done on maize planters along with agro forestry concept. The yield for inclined and vertical plate mechanism ranged between 4.96–7.71 t.ha−1 and 6.75–8.61 t.ha−1, respectively. The increase in maize yield in raised bed planters varied between 0.48–2.57 t.ha−1. The maximum yield was recorded from pneumatic raised bed planter with bed of 150 mm height and 711 mm top width (2 rows on each bed). The saving of irrigation water ranged between 9.68–23.69% for raised bed planting (150–290 mm) as compared to flat planting. The specific energy was found minimum for pneumatic raised bed and flat planter as 7.02 and 7.38 MJ.kg−1. The energy productivity was found maximum for pneumatic raised and flat planter as 0.14 Kg.MJ−1 (cost $12.60 per ha and$9.33 per ha ) followed by raised bed inclined plate planter as 0.13 Kg.MJ−1 and were found economical as compared with ridger+manual sowing method (cost $77.62 per ha)

Low-frequency dielectric processes in deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals

A low-frequency dielectric relaxation mode in deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal (DHFLC) has been observed at the interface of strongly rubbed substrates and DHFLC material which may find applications in low power consumption FLC devices. The surface-induced dielectric relaxation process at the interface of DHFLC and substrate is called the partially unwound helical mode (p-UHM) due to the unwinding of the helical structure at this interface. After investigation of the material under various parameters such as temperature, variation of the amplitude of probing ac voltage and dc bias voltage, the relaxation frequency of p-UHM is found to be shifted towards Goldstone mode and merged with it. The relaxation frequency of Goldstone mode is found to decrease, whereas the relaxation frequency of p-UHM process increases with the increase in temperature of DHFLC. Finally, both the modes merge and the resultant relaxation frequency is found to be lower than Goldstone mode in SmC* phase. It seems that phason mode and partial helical unwinding mode are coupled together due to dipole moment that is resulting in a new relaxation frequency. p-UHM process is significant for low-power displays and non-displays applications like a part of sensor where weak electric signal is required to be realized without pre-amplification

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ABSTRACT Context Dieulafoy's lesion is an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding with the most common location being the stomach. A periampullary location is rare for a bleeding Dieulafoy's lesion. Case report We present the case of a 52-year-old female who presented with intermittent painless melena. Her upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy were normal. She was a diagnostic challenge as no definite lesion could be identified on capsule endoscopy. However, as there was presence of fresh blood in the proximal jejunum, a push enteroscopy was performed which revealed the presence of fresh blood in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. But no bleeding lesion could be identified. A side view endoscopy was performed which revealed a bleeding periampullary Dieulafoy's lesion. Immediate hemostasis was achieved with an injection of adrenalin. Other episodes of bleeding occurred and the patient was finally treated surgically. Conclusion A periampullary Dieulafoy's lesion presenting with obscure gastrointestinal bleed is a diagnostic challenge and can be missed on capsule endoscopy

Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities

Annona squamosa L. (custard apple) belongs to the family Annonaceae and is an important tropical fruit cultivated in the West Indies, South and Central America, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, India, Mexico, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Egypt. Leaves of custard apple plants have been studied for their health benefits, which are attributed to a considerable diversity of phytochemicals. These compounds include phenol-based compounds, e.g., proanthocyanidins, comprising 18 different phenolic compounds, mainly alkaloids and flavonoids. Extracts from Annona squamosa leaves (ASLs) have been studied for their biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiobesity, lipid-lowering, and hepatoprotective functions. In the current article, we discussed the nutritional and phytochemical diversity of ASLs. Additionally, ASL extracts were discussed with respect to their biological activities, which were established by in vivo and in vitro experiments. A survey of the literature based on the phytochemical profile and health-promoting effects of ASLs showed that they can be used as potential ingredients for the development of pharmaceutical drugs and functional foods. Although there are sufficient findings available from in vitro and in vivo investigations, clinical trials are still needed to determine the exact effects of ASL extracts on human health

Therapeutic Uses of Wild Plants by Rural Inhabitants of Maraog Region in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

The main aim of this study is to document important ethnomedicinal plants from the Maraog region, located in the district of Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, India. A total of 110 medicinal plant species belonging to 102 genera and 57 families were reported from the study site. All of the species were collected from wild habitats. The rural people of the Maraog region were surveyed through interview methods, group discussions, and participatory observations. In the current study, data were collected from 88 informants through the snowball method. A total of 110 plant species were collected from the study area, including 64 herbs, 24 shrubs, 9 trees, 5 climbers, 3 grasses, and 5 ferns. Most of the plant species, reported from the study area, belong to the Rosaceae and Asteraceae families, each contributing 12 plant species, followed by the Lamiaceae family with 6 plant species. The most used part of the plant in the preparation of herbal medications is the leaves, which have been reported in 62 plants, followed by roots in 14 plants, and flowers and other aerial parts in 9 plants. The ethnomedicinal data were analyzed using “Use Value,” a statistical quantitative method, with Artemisia vestita having the highest use value (1.00), followed by Cannabis sativa (0.79), Rhododendron arboreum (0.79), and Datura stramonium (0.71). Older people were found to have a vast knowledge of wild medicinal plants, while the younger generation’s knowledge was lacking. As a result, traditional knowledge about the use of plants as a source of medicine has decreased day-by-day.Therefore, there is a need to document traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. The data could serve as a basis for research by pharmacological and nutraceutical industries for the development of novel drugs

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used in the Health Care System: Survey of the Mid Hills of Solan District, Himachal Pradesh, India

The study was performed in the mid hills of the Dharampur region in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh, India. At the study site, a total of 115 medicinal plants were documented (38 trees, 37 herbs, 34 shrubs, 5 climbers, 1 fern, and 1 grass). In the study region, extensive field surveys were performed between March 2020 and August 2021. Indigenous knowledge of wild medicinal plants was collected through questionnaires, discussions, and personal interviews during field trips. Plants with their correct nomenclature were arranged by botanical name, family, common name, habitat, parts used, routes used, and diseases treated. In the present study, the predominant family was Rosaceae, which represented the maximum number of plant species, 10, followed by Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, which represented 8 plant species. The rural inhabitants of the Dharampur region in the Solan district have been using local plants for primary health care and the treatment of various diseases for a longer time. However, information related to the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants was not documented. The rural inhabitants of the Dharampur region reported that the new generation is not so interested in traditional knowledge of medicinal plants due to modernization in society, so there is an urgent need to document ethnomedicinal plants before such knowledge becomes inaccessible and extinct

Plant-Based Antioxidant Extracts and Compounds in the Management of Oral Cancer

Oral cancer continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide, and its prevalence is particularly high in developing countries, where people chew tobacco and betel nut on a regular basis. Radiation-, chemo-, targeted-, immuno-, and hormone-based therapies along with surgery are commonly used as part of a treatment plan. However, these treatments frequently result in various unwanted short- to long-term side effects. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop treatment options for oral cancer that have little or no adverse effects. Numerous bioactive compounds derived from various plants have recently attracted attention as therapeutic options for cancer treatment. Antioxidants found in medicinal plants, such as vitamins E, C, and A, reduce damage to the mucosa by neutralizing free radicals found in various oral mucosal lesions. Phytochemicals found in medicinal plants have the potential to modulate cellular signalling pathways that alter the cellular defence mechanisms to protect normal cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have shown the potential to be used as oral cancer therapeutics

Oral Drug for Small Intestinal Angiodysplasia Bleeding: Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining!!

Because of both difficulties in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management, small bowel bleeding due to angiodysplasia remains a challenging and perplexing issue in clinical practice. Advancement in small bowel endoscopy including capsule endoscopy as well as balloon enteroscopy has expanded the domain of endoscopic hemostatic interventions in the small bowel. This has led on to marked improvement in immediate homeostasis rates in patients with small bowel angiodysplasias (SBA) bleeding. However, high recurrent bleeding rates are an important limitation of endoscopic interventions. Therefore, there is an unmet need of an effective therapeutic as well as prophylactic pharmacotherapy that can alter the course of the disease. Long-acting octreotide as well as thalidomide has been used in patients with SBA bleeding with encouraging results, but the evidence on their efficacy is not robust. In news and views of this issue, we discuss a randomized controlled study that investigates the efficacy and safety of thalidomide for the treatment of recurrent bleeding due to SBA

Konstrukcija, razvoj i terenska ispitivanja sadilice za direktnu sadnju luka (Allium Cepa L.) u leje

In India Onion (Allium cepa L) occupies an area of 1064 thousand ha, with production of 15118 thousand tons. The export of onion during 2011 -12 was 13,09,863.26 thousand tons with a value of Rs 1,722.85 crores. India is the 2nd largest producer of onion, in the world next only to China but the productivity of onion in India is very low i.e. 14.21 t.ha-1 as compared to China and other countries like , Egypt, Netherlands, & Iran etc. India is the world’s second largest producer of vegetables after China. Timeliness of operations and efficient use of the inputs are the important keys in achieving higher levels of productivity and quality. In order to increase area under onion cultivation and make it competitive and profitable, it is important to introduce mechanized technologies for its cultivation. Manual sowing and transplanting of onion is very laborious and costly operation. Therefore to mechanize its sowing operation a tractor operated raised bed planter with inclined plate metering mechanism was designed and developed based on onion seed properties. The developed prototype was evaluated in field for its performance evaluation for direct sowing of onion seed variety Punjab Naroya on beds. The planter was operated at three speeds 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km•h-1 and three plate angles 26º,36º and 46º and two row spacings of 15 and 18 cm. The average seed spacing varied between 6.09-11.68 cm. Average seed spacing at 2 km/h forward speed and 36 plate angle was 7.6 cm that was closer to the required theoretical spacing of 7.5cm. The overall saving in cost and time with raised bed onion planter as compared with manual method were 57.89 % and 98.75 % respectively.U Indiji crni luk (Allium cepa, L.) zauzima površinu od 1064 ha, sa proizvodnjom od 15118 hiljada tona. Izvoz luka tokom 2011 -12 bio je 13,09,863.26 hilada tona u vrednosti od Rs 1,722.85. Indija je drugi najveći proizvođač luka u svetu odmah posle Kine, ali prinos luka u Indiji je veoma nizak, 14.21 t.ha-1 u poređenju sa kinom i drugim zemljama kao što su Egipat, Holandija, Iran i dr. Indija je drugi proizvođač povrća u svetu posle Kine. Trajanje postupaka i efikasna upotreba inputa su od ključnog značaja u postizanju visokih nivoa proizvodnosti i kvaliteta. Radi povećanja površine pod lukom i povećanja konkurentnosti i profitabilnosti proizvodnje, važno je uvoditi mehanizovane tehnologije u njegovom gajenju. Ručna sadnja i presađivanje luka je veoma skupa operacija koja zahteva mnogo rada. Zato je konstruisana sadilica sa mernom kosom pločom za sadnju luka u leje sa pogonom od traktora, na osnovu osobina semena luka. Razvijeni prototip bio je testiran u poljskim uslovima radi ocene njegovih karakteristika u direktnoj setvi luka varijeteta Punjab Naroya u leje. Sadilica je radila sa tri brzine 1.5, 2.0 i 2.5 km•h-1, tri ugla ploče 26º,36º i 46º i dva međuredna rastojanja 15 i 18 cm. Srednje rastojanje u redu variralo je od 6.09 do 11.68 cm. Srednje rastojanje u redu pri brzini od 2 km•h-1 i nagibu ploče od 36 bilo je 7.6 cm, što je bliže traženom teorijskom rastojanju od 7.5 cm. Ukupna ušteda troškova i vremena sa ovom sadilicom u poređenju sa ručnom sadnjom bila je 57.89 % i 98.75 %, redom