99 research outputs found
Effective atomic numbers, electron densities, and tissue equivalence of some gases and mixtures for dosimetry of radiation detectors
Total mass attenuation coefficients, µm, effective atomic number, Zeff, and effective electron density, Neff, of different gases - carbon dioxide, methane, acetylene, propane, butane, and pentane used in radiation detectors, have been calculated for the photon energy of 1 keV to 100 GeV. Each gas has constant Zeff values between 0.10 to 10 MeV photon energies; however, these values are way far away from ICRU tissue. Carbon dioxide gas shows the closest tissue equivalence in the entire photon energy spectrum. Relative tissue equivalences of the mixtures of gases with respect to ICRU tissue are in the range of 0.998-1.041 for air, argon (4.5%) + methane (95.5%), argon (0.5%) + carbon dioxide (99.5%), and nitrogen (5%) + methane (7%) + carbon dioxide (88%). The gas composition of xenon (0.5%) + carbon dioxide (99.5%) shows 1.605 times higher tissue equivalence compared to the ICRU tissue. The investigated photon interaction parameters are useful for exposure and energy absorption buildup factors calculation and design, and fabrication of gaseous detectors for ambient radiation measurement by the Geiger-Muller detector, ionization chambers and proportional counters
A case study of energy absorption buildup factors in some human bones for gamma energies 30 keV to 1.5 MeV
Human body consists of some tissues among which bone is one of the important living and growing tissue. In this research, energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) values of 27 types of bone have been computed for photon energy 0.03 to 1.5 MeV up to 40 mean free path (40mfp) penetration depths. The Inner bone tissue, Spongiosa and Male sternum had the largest values of EABF in low photon energies, and great differences below 150 keV photon energy were noted relative to the other bones. This study would be of utmost importance for estimation of the effective dose to the human bones, radiation therapy and various medical applications.
Multi-frequency, Multi-Epoch Study of Mrk 501: Hints for a two-component nature of the emission
Since the detection of very high energy (VHE) -rays from Mrk 501, its
broad band emission of radiation was mostly and quite effectively modeled using
one zone emission scenario. However, broadband spectral and flux variability
studies enabled by the multiwavelength campaigns carried out during the recent
years have revealed rather complex behavior of Mrk 501. The observed emission
from Mrk 501 could be due to a complex superposition of multiple emission
zones. Moreover new evidences of detection of very hard intrinsic -ray
spectra obtained from {\it Fermi}--LAT observations have challenged the
theories about origin of VHE -rays. Our studies based on {\it
Fermi}--LAT data indicate the existence of two separate components in the
spectrum, one for low energy -rays and the other for high energy
-rays. Using multiwaveband data from several ground and space based
instruments, in addition to HAGAR data, the spectral energy distribution of
Mrk~501 is obtained for various flux states observed during 2011. In the
present work, this observed broadband spectral energy distribution is
reproduced with a leptonic, multi-zone Synchrotron Self-Compton model.Comment: Published in Astrophysical Journal (ApJ
On the valence-bond solid phase of the crossed-chain quantum spin model
Using a series expansion based on the flow-equation method we study the
ground state energy and the elementary triplet excitations of a generalized
model of crossed spin-1/2 chains starting from the limit of decoupled
quadrumers. The triplet dispersion is shown to be very sensitive to the
inter-quadrumer frustration, exhibiting a line of almost complete localization
as well as lines of quantum phase transitions limiting the stability of the
valence-bond solid phase. In the vicinity of the checkerboard-point a finite
window of exchange couplings is found with a non-zero spin-gap, consistent with
known results from exact diagonalization. The ground state energy is lower than
that of the bare quadrumer case for all exchange couplings investigated. In the
limiting situation of the fully frustrated checkerboard magnet our results
agree with earlier series expansion studies.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Multiwavelength study of TeV Blazar Mrk421 during giant flare
Context: The nearby (z=0.031) TeV blazar Mrk421 was reported to be in a high
state of flux activity since November, 2009. Aims: To investigate possible
changes in the physical parameters of Mrk421 during its high state of activity
using multiwavelength data. Methods: We have observed this source in bright
state using High Altitude GAmma Ray (HAGAR) telescope array at energies above
250 GeV during February 13 - 19, 2010. Optical, X-ray and gamma-ray archival
data are also used to obtain the SEDs and light curves. Results: Mrk421 was
found to undergo one of its brightest flaring episodes on February 17, 2010 by
various observations in X-rays and gamma-rays. HAGAR observations during
February 13 - 19, 2010 at the energies above 250 GeV show an enhancement in the
flux level, with a maximum flux of ~ 7 Crab units being detected on February
17, 2010. We present the spectral energy distributions during this flaring
episode and investigate the correlation of the variability in X-ray and
gamma-ray bands. Conclusions: Our multiwavelength study suggests that the flare
detected during February 16 and 17, 2010 could arise due to a passing shock in
the jet.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysics (A & A
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