Vehicular Adhoc Network – A Review

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a most important type of network, which has characteristics to provide vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure(V2I) communication on the road. It is an approach for intelligent transportation system. VANET Works like as mobile ad hoc network. It provides many applications like as message transmission from one vehicle to another, data transmission, map guidance, entertainment and so on. VANET helps to reduce the causes of accidents on a highway. Vehicles can convey messages related to status of the road and other informational messages to each other. Throughout this paper, we will discuss simulation tools, architecture, applications, security concern and routing approaches used for message communication among vehicles. We provide a research review on vehicular ad hoc network

Analysis of Different Software Security Testing Techniques, Benefits, Challenges and Life Cycle

Security testing is the software testing technique which makes sure that the system or application software which is developed is free from security threats and cannot be hacked by the hacker. Once an application or software us developed, once the final product is tested for all its functions, components etc it is also important to test for its privacy and security. If the system is not secure enough, then it can easily be attacked and hacked and all the sensitive data and information will be exploited by the hacker and use them in their favour. There are variety of security testing which will be discussed in this paper. The security testing has few requirements like testing the integrity, confidentiality, authorisation, availability etc. The security elements of the system depend upon the security features being implemented in the system so the testing process will also be different for each system. The various techniques and approaches can be explained by Security taxonomy. The paper will discuss elements of security testing, methodologies, pros and cons of security testing, etc

Associating Knowledge Management to Human Resource Management: A Conceptual Study

AbstractObjective: For last few decades Knowledge Management (KM) has emerged as the widely discussed and researched phenomenon around the globe, but it been a challenging phenomenon as all organisations are trying to achieve and maintain its competitive advantage in today's global competitive environment. One aspect of doing this is to build knowledge repositories. The issues can be address by strategically associating knowledge management to human resource management in the organization. The strategic use of human resource management within the management of knowledge helps an organization to have innovation, better performance and resultant competitive advantage. However, in order to optimize the capabilities of organizational knowledge, it is necessary to manage that knowledge strategically. The present paper focus on the aspect by relying on a large amount of existing literature, which is mostly theoretical in nature. There are many areas within the discussed field that would be benefited from conclusions of further research on the aspect.Method: The study include the extant review of published research in the form of books and research paper by different eminent authors on the selected issue which is the combinations of theoretical and empirical findings of their work.Results: It was found that the concept of knowledge management though is a vibrant issue in today's hyper competitive market of  knowledge economy around the globe  but still the focus of many organisations is one the single aspect of its i.e. ‘Technology' and they leave another crucial aspect of knowledge management (KM) that is termed as ‘people'. Who actually are repositories and owners of this aspect; ultimately, it is their knowledge and learning in the form of tacit and explicit knowledge that is responsible for competitive advantage and ultimately success of an organisation.Conclusion: The present paper focus on the issue of associating knowledge management with that of human resource management of an organisation with a view to provide clear understanding of the concept. It helps policy makers and management players to develop and implement an optimal blend of structural and organisational structure that help them to  sustain in today's knowledge economy with the optimal use of their most crucial intangible asset meaning therseby the knowledge of their employees. The example of big industrial houses like Infosys and Tata ; banks like ICICI and telecom sector like Airtel proves that after focusing on the optimal blend of knowledge Management (KM) and human resource management(HRM) they out beat the competitors of their industries and work as gold players in the said industry

A Novel Blockchain-Reinforcement Learning Framework for Securing Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Efficiency

This paper introduces a novel approach to Reinforcement Learning (RL), focusing on the development and implementation of a Q-learning based algorithm. Reinforcement Learning, a critical branch of machine learning, enables agents to make decisions by interacting with their environment and learning from the consequences of their actions. Our study emphasizes the Q-learning model, a popular, model-free, off-policy algorithm that offers a robust framework for agents to learn optimal strategies in diverse settings. By iteratively updating the action-value function (Q-function) based on observed rewards and future reward estimations, our algorithm aims to achieve efficient learning and decision-making. This work contributes to the field by providing a detailed algorithmic structure, complete with mathematical formulations, that facilitates a deeper understanding of the Q-learning process and its practical applications in various domains

A uniformly convergent quadratic B-spline based scheme for singularly perturbed degenerate parabolic problems.

[EN]In this article, a numerical scheme is developed to solve singularly perturbed convection–diffusion type degenerate parabolic problems. The degenerative nature of the problem is due to the coefficient of the convection term. As the perturbation parameter approaches zero, the solution to this problem exhibits a parabolic boundary layer in the neighborhood of the left end side of the domain. The problem is semi-discretized using the Crank–Nicolson scheme, and then the quadratic spline basis functions are used to discretize the semi-discrete problem. A priori bounds for the solution (and its derivatives) of the continuous problem are given, which are necessary to analyze the error. A rigorous error analysis shows that the proposed method is boundary layer resolving and second-order parameter uniformly convergent. Some numerical experiments have been devised to support the theoretical findings and the effectiveness of the proposed scheme

Thermal requirements, growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes under different agroclimatic zones of Punjab

A field experiment was carried out at four locations i.e. Ludhiana, Bathinda, Faridkot and Gurdaspur to study the influence of diverse environments on symbiotic traits, thermal requirements, growth in terms of plant height (cm) and yield (kg/ha) of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes under different agroclimatic zones of Punjab. Results indicated that crop sown on 15 May recorded the higher grain yield than later sowing dates of 1 June and 15 June at all the locations; 15 May sowing provided 23.3, 22.1 and 46.7% higher grain yield over 1 May, 1 June and 15 June sowing, respectively. Early sown crop acquired higher agro-climatic indices than delayed sowings. The crop sown on 15 May provided the maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio as evident from the additional income of Rs 13599, 13040 and 22865 Rs/ha over 1 May, 1 June and 15 June sowing, respectively. Among the genotypes, AL 201 at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur, AL 1578 at Bathinda and PAU 881 at Faridkot resulted in the highest grain yield and maximum returns. The genotype AL 201 took more days to 50% flowering and maturity at all the locations. It can be concluded that 15 May is the optimum sowing date and AL 201 and PAU 881 are the promising genotypes for providing high productivity of pigeonpea under different agroclimatic zones of Punjab

Effect of rare earth on microstructure and wear behaviour of Ni based microwave clad

564-572In the present investigation microwave energy has been utilized to develop wear resistant Ni-based clad without Nd2O3 (unmodified coating) and with addition of Nd2O3 (modified coatings) in varying wt. % of 1-3. The clads have been developed using domestic microwave oven at frequency of 2.45 GHz and power 900 W for duration of 360 s. The unmodified and modified clads have been characterized in terms of microstructure, XRD, microhardness and two body abrasive wear. The average thickness of developed clads has been measured as 1.0 mm approximately. A two body abrasive wear behaviour of unmodified and modified coatings at sliding speed of 36 m/min & 72 m/min with abrasive grit size of 220 & 600 has been investigated. The results revealed a better abrasive wear resistance at lower sliding speed and fine grit size. Further, the best results of microstructure, formation of hard phases, improved microhardness and wear resistance have been shown by the samples having coating composition as 3 wt. % of Nd2O3

Effect of rare earth on microstructure and wear behaviour of Ni based microwave clad

In the present investigation microwave energy has been utilized to develop wear resistant Ni-based clad without Nd2O3(unmodified coating) and with addition of Nd2O3 (modified coatings) in varying wt. % of 1-3. The clads have beendeveloped using domestic microwave oven at frequency of 2.45 GHz and power 900 W for duration of 360 s. Theunmodified and modified clads have been characterized in terms of microstructure, XRD, microhardness and two bodyabrasive wear. The average thickness of developed clads has been measured as 1.0 mm approximately. A two body abrasivewear behaviour of unmodified and modified coatings at sliding speed of 36 m/min & 72 m/min with abrasive grit size of 220& 600 has been investigated. The results revealed a better abrasive wear resistance at lower sliding speed and fine grit size.Further, the best results of microstructure, formation of hard phases, improved microhardness and wear resistance have beenshown by the samples having coating composition as 3 wt. % of Nd2O3