Seasonal Study of Some Chemical Parameters in Daryabganj Lake, District Etah

In India, great regional differences are found in the topography, geology, climate etc. As a result of these differences, the limnological resources (lake, pond & reservoirs) are very unevenly distributed. The inland fisheries include, besides capture fishes of the lake, rivers and large bodies of waters, the culture fishery whose contribution to the dietary of man is of the highest importance. From the catch statistics of these waters, it becomes quite clear that fish production is low in comparison to those of other countries like China, Japan, Indonesia etc. The efforts for increasing fish production in inland waters are underway; however, any effort towards developing the fish resources requires intimate knowledge

Troponate/Aminotroponate Ruthenium–Arene Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Ligand-Tuned Mechanistic Pathway for Direct C–H Bond Arylation with Aryl Chlorides in Water

A series of water-soluble troponate/aminotroponate ruthenium­(II)–arene complexes were synthesized, where O,O and N,O chelating troponate/aminotroponate ligands stabilized the <i>piano-stool</i> mononuclear ruthenium–arene complexes. Structural identities for two of the representating complexes were also established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. These newly synthesized troponate/aminotroponate ruthenium–arene complexes enable efficient C–H bond arylation of arylpyridine in water. The unique structure–activity relationship in these complexes is the key to achieve efficient direct C–H bond arylation of arylpyridine. Moreover, the steric bulkiness of the carboxylate additives systematically directs the selectivity toward mono- versus diarylation of arylpyridines. Detailed mechanistic studies were performed using mass-spectral studies including identification of several key cyclometalated intermediates. These studies provided strong support for an initial cycloruthenation driven by carbonate-assisted deprotonation of 2-phenylpyridine, where the relative strength of η⁶-arene and the troponate/aminotroponate ligand drives the formation of cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridine Ru–arene species, [(η⁶-arene)­Ru­(κ²-<i>C</i>,<i>N</i>-phenylpyridine) (OH₂)]⁺ by elimination of troponate/aminotroponate ligands and retaining η⁶-arene, while cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridine Ru–troponate/aminotroponate species [(κ ²-troponate/aminotroponate)­Ru­(κ²-<i>C</i>,<i>N</i>-phenylpyridine)­(OH₂)₂] was generated by decoordination of η⁶-arene ring during initial C–H bond activation of 2-phenylpyridine. Along with the experimental mass-spectral evidence, density functional theory calculation also supports the formation of such species for these complexes. Subsequently, these cycloruthenated products activate aryl chloride by facile oxidative addition to generate C–H arylated products

Green biosynthesis of gold nanometre scale plates using the leaf extracts from an indigenous Australian plant Eucalyptus macrocarpa

In this preliminary study, we demonstrate an environmentally friendly process for the green synthesis of gold nanometre scale particles using the leaf extract from an indigenous Australian plant Eucalyptus macrocarpa as both the stabilising agent and the reducing agent. The synthesis process is straightforward, clean and non-toxic. It also has the advantages of being performed at room temperature and does not need complex processing equipment. Formation of the gold nanometre sized particles was confirmed and characterised by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial activity of the synthesised gold particles was also quantified using the sensitivity method of Kirby-Bauer