11,835 research outputs found
Learning Visual Question Answering by Bootstrapping Hard Attention
Attention mechanisms in biological perception are thought to select subsets
of perceptual information for more sophisticated processing which would be
prohibitive to perform on all sensory inputs. In computer vision, however,
there has been relatively little exploration of hard attention, where some
information is selectively ignored, in spite of the success of soft attention,
where information is re-weighted and aggregated, but never filtered out. Here,
we introduce a new approach for hard attention and find it achieves very
competitive performance on a recently-released visual question answering
datasets, equalling and in some cases surpassing similar soft attention
architectures while entirely ignoring some features. Even though the hard
attention mechanism is thought to be non-differentiable, we found that the
feature magnitudes correlate with semantic relevance, and provide a useful
signal for our mechanism's attentional selection criterion. Because hard
attention selects important features of the input information, it can also be
more efficient than analogous soft attention mechanisms. This is especially
important for recent approaches that use non-local pairwise operations, whereby
computational and memory costs are quadratic in the size of the set of
features.Comment: ECCV 201
Superconductivity Phase Diagram of Na(x)CoO(2).1.3H(2)O
Although the microscopic origin of the superconductivity in high Tc copper
oxides remains the subject of active inquiry, several of their electronic
characteristics are well established as universal to all the known materials,
forming the experimental foundation that all theories must address. The most
fundamental of those characteristics is the dependence of the superconducting
transition temperature on the degree of electronic band filling. Since the
discovery of cuprate superconductivity in 1986 (1), the search for other
families of superconductors that might help shed light on the superconducting
mechanism of the cuprates has been of great interest. The recent report of
superconductivity near 4K in the triangular lattice, layered sodium cobalt
oxyhydrate, Na0.35CoO2.1.3H2O, is the best indication that superconductors
related to the cuprates may be found (2). Here we show that the superconducting
transition temperature of this compound displays the same kind of band-filling
behavior that is observed in the cuprates. Specifically, that the optimal
superconducting Tc occurs in a narrow range of band filling, and decreases for
both underdoped and overdoped materials, in dramatic analogy to the phase
diagram of the cuprate superconductors. Our results suggest that
characterization of the detailed electronic and magnetic behavior of these new
materials may help establish which of the many special characteristics of the
cuprates is fundamental to their high Tc superconductivity.Comment: revised, publication information adde
Tale of J1328+2752 : a misaligned double-double radio galaxy hosted by a binary black-hole?
We present a radio and optical study of the double-double radio galaxy J1328+2752 based on new low-frequency Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data. The radio data were used to investigate the morphology and to perform a spectral index analysis. In this source, we find that the inner double is misaligned by similar to 30 degrees from the axis of the outer diffuse structure. The SDSS spectrum shows that the central component has double-peaked line profiles with different emission strengths. The average velocity offset of the two components is 235 +/- 10.5 kms(-1). The misaligned radio morphology along with the double-peaked emission lines indicate that this source is a potential candidate binary supermassive black hole. This study further supports mergers as a possible explanation for repeated jet activity in radio sources
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Biomass burning emisison inventory with daily resolution: Application to aircraft observations of Asian outflow
We develop a daily-resolved global emission inventory for biomass burning using AVHRR satellite observations of fire activity corrected for data gaps and scan angle biases. We implemented this inventory in a global three-dimensional model (GEOSCHEM) to simulate aircraft CO observations during the TRACE-P mission over the NW Pacific in February-April 2001. Seasonal biomass burning in SE Asia was a major contributor to the outflow of Asian pollution observed in TRACE-P and shows large day-to-day fluctuations that vary depending on location. Three simulations were conducted with the same 3-month total (February-April) emissions but different temporal distributions: 2001 daily resolved, 2001 monthly resolved, and climatological monthly resolved. The effect of daily resolved versus monthly resolved 2001 emissions in the simulation of CO is less than 8 ppbv in Asian outflow over the NW Pacific but can exceed 100 ppbv over source regions. The relatively small effect in Asian outflow reflects spatial and temporal averaging of emissions during ageing in the continental boundary layer. Significant improvement in the simulation of TRACE-P observations (as diagnosed by the resolved variance) is found when using 2001 monthly versus climatological monthly emissions, but using 2001 daily emissions does not offer further improvement. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union
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ORIGIN OF TROPOSPHERIC NOX OVER SUB-ARCTIC EASTERN CANADA IN SUMMER
The Incidence of Retinoblastoma in South Africa: Findings from the South African National Cancer Registry (2004-2018)
Purpose: To determine the frequency and incidence rate of retinoblastoma in children in South
Africa from 2004 to 2018.
Methods: Incident cases of histologically diagnosed retinoblastoma were identified from the South
African National Cancer Registry. Crude incidence rates were calculated using national population
data on children <15 years and live births. Incidence rates were stratified and compared by age, sex
and population group. Direct age-standardised incidence rates and comparative incidence ratios
were calculated.
Results: The overall age-standardised incidence rate for children <15 years was 3.3 per million or
1 per 21 641 live births. Age-specific rates for children aged 0–4, 5–9 and 10–14 years were 7.7, 0.8
and 0.2 per million, respectively. There was no difference in incidence rates by sex. White children
had a significantly higher incidence rate compared to other population groups, but this finding may
be due to systemic biases introduced by access to healthcare in South Africa or study methodology.
Conclusion: This is the largest study to provide population-based, histologically confirmed national
estimates of retinoblastoma incidence from an African nation to date and affirms the need for highquality cancer registries across the African continent
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Latitudinal distribution of reactive nitrogen in the free troposphere over the Pacific Ocean in late winter/early spring
The late winter/early spring (February/March, 1994) measurements of Pacific Exploratory Mission-West (PEM-W) B have been analyzed to show latitudinal distributions (45°N to 10°S) of the mixing ratios of reactive nitrogen species (NO, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), HNO3, and NOy), ozone, and chemical tracers (CO, NMHCs, acetone, and C2Cl4) with a focus on the upper troposphere. Mixing ratios of all species are relatively low in the warm tropical and subtropical air south of the polar jetstream (≈28°N) but increase sharply with latitude in the cold polar air north of the jetstream. Noteworthy is the continuous increase in reservoir species (PAN and HNO3) and the simultaneous decrease in NOx toward the northern midlatitudes. The Harvard global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry has been used to compare these observations with predictions. In the upper troposphere the magnitude and distribution of measured NOy and PAN as a function of latitude is well represented by this model, while NOx (measured NO + model calculated NO2) is underpredicted, especially in the tropics. Unlike several previous studies, where model-predicted HNO3 exceeded observations by as much as a factor of 10, the present data/model comparison is improved to within a factor of 2. The predicted upper tropospheric HNO3 is generally below or near measured values, and there is little need to invoke particle reactions as a means of removing or recycling HNO3. Comparison between measured NOy and the sum of its three main constituents (PAN + NOx + HNO3) on average show a small mean shortfall (<15%). This shortfall could be attributed to the presence of known but unmeasured species (e.g., peroxynitric acid and alkyl nitrates) as well as to instrument errors. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union
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