Post stroke psychiatric syndrome: a clinical study

Background: Various psychiatric symptoms are seen after strokes which are usually deserted due to poor familiarity about it, hence better knowledge and understanding of various post stroke psychiatric manifestations may help in early identification and management of it. The aim of present research is to study the demographic and clinical profile of various post stroke psychiatric manifestations.Methods: The study was conducted on ninety patients developing psychiatric symptoms after stroke. Detailed socio-demographic characteristics, clinical profile along with psychiatric assessment were recorded in proforma specially designed for the study.Results: Bulk of this post- stroke psychiatric subjects (45%) was in the age range of 61-80 years of which male and female were 29% and 16% respectively.  Most of patients (90%) were residing at rural areas. 47.8 % patients were belonging to lower middle socio-economic status.  Majority of subjects (42.8%) were unemployed followed by farmer and skilled worker (20% each), and most of the patients were right handed (97.8%). On clinical parameters maximum subjects (52.2) developed post stroke major depression followed by depression mixed with anxiety (16.6%). Rest of patients suffered from organic anxiety disorder (8.8%), vascular dementia (10%), amnestic syndrome (5.5%), post stroke psychosis (3.3%), organic manic disorder (2.2%), pathological laughter and crying (1.1%).Conclusions: Huge number of patients (52.9%) developed psychiatric problems of diverse nature among patients with stroke syndrome. depression was most common post stroke psychiatric manifestation, followed by mixed anxiety with depression.  Generally the post stroke psychiatric manifestations are unrecognized and untreated, which has adverse impact on process of stroke rehabilitation. Thus a detailed psychiatric evaluation is mandatory in all patients of stroke syndrome to rule out psychiatric illness

Sighting of critically endangered Red-headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli, 1786) in Palamau Tiger Reserve, Jharkhand, India

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La enseñanza de la lectura a los estudiantes árabes de ESL: una revisión teórica

The present paper reviews the status of reading comprehension skill among the learners of EFL in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. There are various factors contribute to the poor language skills among the learners, as reported by various agencies as well as the Ministry of Education. It is an attempt here to propose Situational Method as an effective tool to enhance the learning experience of the learners. Both the countries, including the other Arab nations have spent remarkably very well in the direction of creating their own workforce to become self reliant but the desired outcome is still a way far. This paper will enable the researchers to have an idea of the current situation and work for the reinforcement of such model to make the EFL teaching-learning process more rewarding.El presente documento revisa el estado de la capacidad de comprensión de lectura entre los estudiantes de EFL en Jordania y Arabia Saudita. Hay varios factores que contribuyen a las habilidades lingüísticas deficientes entre los alumnos, según lo informado por varias agencias, así como el Ministerio de Educación. Aquí se intenta proponer un método situacional como una herramienta eficaz para mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje de los alumnos. Tanto los países, como las otras naciones árabes, han gastado notablemente en la dirección de crear su propia fuerza laboral para que sean autosuficientes, pero el resultado deseado aún está lejos. Este documento permitirá a los investigadores tener una idea de la situación actual y trabajar por el refuerzo de dicho modelo para hacer que el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de EFL sea más gratificante.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Insight into the effect of contact ion pairs on C-H bond activation for the synthesis of Ru(III)-NHC complexes: A combined experimental and computational study

The effect of contact ion pairs and comparison of the three halide ions on the C-H activation during the synthesis of Ru(III)-NHC complexes 1a and 1b have been investigated. DFT modeling of two pathways for the formation of Ru(III)-NHC complexes, viz. halide coordination pathway and ion-pair pathway, reveals the effect of ion pairing. The ion-pair path is preferred for azolium salts with Cl- and I-, whereas with Br-, the reaction follows the halide coordination route leading to the mixed halide complex. The higher activation barrier for the reaction with Cl- ions can be explained in terms of greater stabilization of the intermediates, compared to the transition states, due to halide coordination or hydrogen bonding with Cl- ions. Furthermore, the successful synthesis of 1b from the reaction of RuCl3·3H2O and the corresponding imidazolium salt precursor with Cl- in dioxane at 100 °C validates the conclusions of the DFT studies

Base-free synthesis of benchtop stable Ru(III)-NHC complexes from RuCl3·3H2O and their use as precursors for Ru(II)-NHC complexes

A series of Ru(III)-NHC complexes, identified as [RuIII(PyNHCR)(Cl)3(H2O)] (1a-c), have been prepared, starting from RuCl3·3H2O following a base-free route. The Lewis acidic Ru(III) centre operates via a halide-assisted, electrophilic C-H activation for carbene generation. Best results were obtained with azolium salts having I- anion while ligand precursors with Cl-, BF4-, and PF6- gave no complex formation and those with Br- gave a product with mixed halides. The structurally simple, air and moisture-stable complexes represent rare examples of paramagnetic Ru(III)-NHC complexes. Further, these benchtop stable Ru(III)-NHC complexes were shown to be excellent metal precursors for the synthesis of new [RuII(PyNHCR)(Cl)2(PPh3)2] (2a-c) and [RuII(PyNHCR)(CNCMe)I]PF6 (3a-c) complexes. All the complexes have been characterised using spectroscopic methods, and structures of 1a, 1b, 2c and 3a have been determined using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. This work allows easy access to new Ru-NHC complexes for the study of new properties and novel applications

Photochemical reactions of Fe(CO)5 with FcC≡CH in the presence of S-powder and CS2: synthesis and characterization of [{μ-SC(H)=C(Fc)S}(CO)6Fe2], [μ-SC(O)C(H)=C(Fc)S}(CO)6Fe2]; cis-[μ-η1:η2:η1:η1-{C(Fc)=C(H)CS2C(H)=C(Fc)}(CO)6Fe2] and trans -[μ-η1:η2:η1:η1-{C(Fc)=C(H)CS2C(Fc)=C(H)}(CO)6Fe2]

Photolysis of a hexane solution containing Fe(CO)5, ferrocenylacetylene and S-powder under argon at −30 °C led to the formation of two different products: [{μ-SC(H)=C(Fc)S}(CO)6Fe2] (1) and [{μ-SC(O)C(H)=C(Fc)S}(CO)6Fe2] (2) featuring new C–S, C–C, Fe–Fe and Fe–S bond formations. In presence of CS2, formation of cis-[μ-η1:η2:η1:η1-{C(Fc)=C(H)CS2C(H)=C(Fc)}(CO)6Fe2] (5) and trans-[μ-η1:η2:η1:η1-{C(Fc)=C(H)CS2C(Fc)=C(H)}(CO)6Fe2] (6) was observed, along with 1. All new compounds were characterized by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Structures of 1, 2, 5 and 6 were established crystallographically.© Elsevie

Ru(II) Complexes with Protic- and Anionic-Naked-NHC Ligands for Cooperative Activation of Small Molecules

A set of ruthenium(II)-protic-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, [Ru(NNCH)(PPh3)2(X)]Cl (1, X=Cl and 2, X=H) and their deprotonated forms [Ru(NNC)(PPh3)2(X)] (1ʹ, X=Cl and 2ʹ, X=H) are reported where NNC is a new unsymmetrical pincer ligand. The four complexes are interconvertible by simple acid-base chemistry. The combined theoretical and spectroscopic investigations indicate charge segregation in anionic-NHC complexes (1ʹ and 2ʹ) and can be described from a Lewis pair perspective. The chemical reactivity of deprotonated complex 1ʹ shows cooperative small molecule activation. Complex 1ʹ activates H-H bond of hydrogen, C(sp3)-I bond of iodomethane, and C(sp)-H bond of phenylacetylene. The activation of CO2 using anionic NHC complex 1ʹ at moderate temperature and ambient pressure and subsequent conversion to formate is also described. All the new compounds have been characterized using ESI-MS, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Molecular structures of 1, 2, and 2ʹ have also been determined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cooperative small molecule activation perspective broadens the scope of potential applications of anionic-NHC complexes in small molecule activation, including the conversion of carbon dioxide to formate, a much sought after reaction in the renewable energy and sustainable development domains

MICROWAVE-INDUCED BISMUTH NITRATE-IMPREGNATED CLAYMEDIATED NOVEL DINITRATION OF 9,10- DIHYDROPHENANTHRENE: A PRECURSOR FOR NEW HETEROCYCLES

A facile method for the dinitration of 9, 10-dihydrophenanthrene using domestic microwave-induced bismuth nitrate-impregnated clay is developed