Preliminary Investigation of Possible Biochar Use as Carbon Source in Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fiber Production

Electrospinning with consequent thermal treatment consists in a carbon fiber production method that spins a polymer solution to create fibers with diameters around a few hundred nanome-ters. The thermal treatments are used for the cyclization and then carbonization of the material at 1700◦C for one hour. The unique structure of micro-and nano-carbon fibers makes them a promis-ing material for various applications ranging from future battery designs to filtration. This work investigated the possibility of using milled gasification biochar, derived from a 20 kW fixed-bed gasifier fueled with vine pruning pellets, as an addictive in the preparation of electrospinning solu-tions. This study outlined that solvent cleaning and the consequent wet-milling and 32 µm sifting are fundamental passages for biochar preparation. Four different polyacrylonitrile-biochar shares were tested ranging from pure polymer to 50–50% solutions. The resulting fibers were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray and infrared spectroscopy. Results from the morphological analysis showed that biochar grains dispersed themselves well among the fiber mat in all the proposed shares. All the tested solutions, once carbonized, exceeded 97%wt. of carbon content. At higher carbonization temperatures, the inorganic compounds naturally showing in biochar such as potassium and calcium disappeared, resulting in an almost carbon-pure fiber matrix with biochar grains in between. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Does No-Tillage Mitigate Stover Removal in Irrigated Continuous Corn? A Multi-Location Assessment

No-tillage (NT) may ameliorate negative effects on soil properties from corn (Zea mays L.) stover harvest, but few long-term irrigated continuous corn production systems have been evaluated to test this hypothesis. We evaluated three long-term no-tillage sites (4–13 yr) in Nebraska and Colorado that spanned a range of precipitation and soil organic carbon (SOC) levels. We measured SOC, d13C of SOC, soil microbial biomass (SMB) and composition (i.e., phospholipid fatty acids, PLFAs), and water stable aggregation at all sites under stover retention vs. removal (~60%). Surface SOC stocks (0–30- cm depth) increased across the gradient and were 46.4, 57.4, and 63.1 Mg C ha–1 for Colorado, central Nebraska, and eastern Nebraska, respectively. Overall, residue removal decreased SOC stocks by 6% and soil aggregation by 12% in the 0- to 30-cm depth. The d13C signature of SOC indicated less new surface C storage under residue removal in Colorado, but not at the two Nebraska sites. Residue harvest did not decrease SMB or change soil microbial community structure, suggesting that high plant productivity buffered community composition from stover harvest impacts under NT but stimulated microbial activity levels that led to SOC loss. The high rates of stover removal used in this study decreased SOC stocks and aggregation at all sites compared to residue retained treatments, suggesting that no-tillage alone was not sufficient to maintain erosion protection and soil function

Long-term no-till and stover retention each decrease the global warming potential of irrigated continuous corn

Over the last 50 years, the most increase in cultivated land area globally has been due to a doubling of irrigated land. Long-term agronomic management impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and global warming potential (GWP) in irrigated systems, however, remain relatively unknown. Here, residue and tillage management effects were quantified by measuring soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and SOC changes (ΔSOC) at a long-term, irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) system in eastern Nebraska, USA. Management treatments began in 2002, and measured treatments included no or high stover removal (0 or 6.8 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1, respectively) under no-till (NT) or conventional disk tillage (CT) with full irrigation (n = 4). Soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured for five crop-years (2011 to 2015), and ΔSOC was determined on an equivalent-mass basis to ~30 cm soil depth. Both area- and yield-scaled soil N2O emissions were greater with stover retention compared to removal and for CT compared to NT, with no interaction between stover and tillage practices. Methane comprise

Twelve Years of Stover Removal Increases Soil Erosion Potential without Impacting Yield

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover (non-grain aboveground biomass) in the US Corn Belt is used increasingly for livestock grazing and co-feed and for cellulosic bioenergy production. Continuous stover removal, however, could alter long-term agricultural productivity by affecting soil organic C (SOC) and soil physical properties, indicators of soil fertility and erosion potential. In this study, we showed that 12 consecutive yr of 55% stover removal did not affect mean grain yields at any N fertilizer rate (4.5, 6.3, and 6.0 Mg ha−1 for 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively) in a marginally productive, rainfed continuous corn system under no-till (NT). Although SOC increased in the top 30 cm of all soils since 1998 (0.54–0.79 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), stover removal tended to limit SOC gains compared with no removal. Near-surface soils (0–5-cm depth) were more sensitive to stover removal and showed a 41% decrease in particulate organic matter stocks, smaller mean weight diameter of dry soil aggregates, and lower abundance of water-stable soil aggregates compared with soils with no stover removal. Increasing N fertilizer rate mitigated losses in total water-stable aggregates in near-surface soils related to stover removal. Collectively, however, our results indicated soil structure losses in surface soils due to lower C inputs. Despite no effect on crop yields and overall SOC gains with time using NT management, annually removing stover for 12 yr resulted in a higher risk of wind and water erosion at this NT continuous corn site in the western Corn Belt

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Effect of delayed planting on corn in central Kansas

Master of ScienceDepartment of AgronomyKraig L. RoozeboomInterest has grown regarding management options to improve and stabilize dryland corn production (Zea mays L.) in challenging environments. Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) has been documented to produce more consistent grain yields than corn in dryland production in Kansas. In periods of reduced water availability, sorghum can delay growth and development, allowing the plant to capture water later in the season for flowering and grainfill. Delaying planting in corn can serve a similar purpose. In central Kansas, planting corn earlier so pollination occurs before periods of extreme stress has been successful, but little research has investigated delayed planting or its long-term effect. The objectives of this study were to evaluate plant growth and yield response to delayed planting through field research and to quantify its long-term effects through crop model simulations. Field trials with delayed planting dates and hybrids of varying maturity revealed that yield at Manhattan, KS, did not decrease significantly until the final planting date in 2007 and did not decrease at all with delayed planting in 2008. At Belleville, yield increased with later planting in 2007 and was not affected by planting date in 2008. At Hutchinson, yield decreased significantly with each planting date until the third in 2007. However, in 2008, yield increased significantly from the second to fourth planting dates. Simulations in CERES-Maize over 51 years revealed no difference in yield between planting dates at Manhattan and Belleville, but showed a significant decrease between the first planting date and the third and fourth planting dates at Hutchinson. Chi-squared tests indicated that all planting date x hybrid combinations at Manhattan and Belleville produced economically profitable yields at frequencies significantly greater than 0.5. At Hutchinson, all but two of the twelve planting date x hybrid combinations produced profitable yields at frequencies significantly less than 0.5. The two remaining combinations produced profitable yields at frequencies that were not different than 0.5. One of these combinations was observed at the fourth planting date. These results suggest that the economical viability of delayed planting of corn is heavily dependent on location

Removal of cattle manure constituents in runoff from no-till cropland as affected by setback distance

Vegetative filter strips located at the bottom of a hillslope have been shown to substantially reduce nutrients and sediment in runoff. Cropland areas could serve a similar function. However, little scientifically derived information is available to help identify the setback distances required to effectively reduce the transport of contaminants in runoff. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of setback distance and runoff rate on the concentrations and mass transport rates of selected constituents following land application of beef cattle manure to a no-till cropland area. The study site had a residue cover of 8.84 Mg ha-1 and a slope gradient of 6.2%. The 20 plots examined during the investigation were 3.7 m across the slope by 4.9, 7.9, 11.0, 17.1, or 23.2 m long. An initial set of rainfall simulation tests were completed to determine background concentrations and mass transport rates of selected constituents. Cattle manure was then applied to the upper 4.9 m of each plot, and additional rainfall simulation tests were conducted. A first-order exponential decay function was used to estimate the effects of setback distance on the concentrations and mass transport rates in runoff. A setback distance of 12.2 m effectively reduced the concentrations of DP, TP, NH4-N, boron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfate and the mass transport rates of DP, TP, NH4-N, boron, and potassium to background values similar to those measured on the no-manure treatment. Runoff rate was an important variable influencing each the measured constituents, with mass transport rates increasing as runoff rate increased

Long-Term Corn and Soybean Response to Crop Rotation and Tillage

Long-term experiments are essential to understand how crop rotation and tillage practices affect corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production and its resiliency to variable weather conditions. A 28-yr rainfed experiment was conducted in Nebraska to evaluate continuous corn (CC), the corn phase of corn–soybean rotation (CS), continuous soybean (SS), and the soybean phase of corn–soybean rotation (SC), and tillage system (chisel [CH], tandem disk [DK], moldboard plow [MP], no-till [NT], ridge-tillage [RT], and subsoil tillage [ST]) on grain yield and yield stability. In 19 of 28 yr, CS yields were greater than CC, although the corn grain yield advantage in CS decreased as CC yield increased. Rotated soybean (SC) grain yield was greater than SS in 67% of cropping years, and similar in the remaining 33%. Stability analysis showed that all crop rotation and tillage combinations, except CH for soybean, resulted in stable grain yields across a range of seasonal weather patterns. Corn grain yields were affected by tillage in 29% of the years, while NT soybean resulted in consistently high and stable grain yields following an initial 11-yr lag period. We conclude that crop rotation has a greater impact on corn and soybean production than tillage in the western Corn Belt, although nearly all combinations can produce stable yields if well managed

Does No-Tillage Mitigate Stover Removal in Irrigated Continuous Corn? A Multi-Location Assessment

No-tillage (NT) may ameliorate negative effects on soil properties from corn (Zea mays L.) stover harvest, but few long-term irrigated continuous corn production systems have been evaluated to test this hypothesis. We evaluated three long-term no-tillage sites (4–13 yr) in Nebraska and Colorado that spanned a range of precipitation and soil organic carbon (SOC) levels. We measured SOC, d13C of SOC, soil microbial biomass (SMB) and composition (i.e., phospholipid fatty acids, PLFAs), and water stable aggregation at all sites under stover retention vs. removal (~60%). Surface SOC stocks (0–30- cm depth) increased across the gradient and were 46.4, 57.4, and 63.1 Mg C ha–1 for Colorado, central Nebraska, and eastern Nebraska, respectively. Overall, residue removal decreased SOC stocks by 6% and soil aggregation by 12% in the 0- to 30-cm depth. The d13C signature of SOC indicated less new surface C storage under residue removal in Colorado, but not at the two Nebraska sites. Residue harvest did not decrease SMB or change soil microbial community structure, suggesting that high plant productivity buffered community composition from stover harvest impacts under NT but stimulated microbial activity levels that led to SOC loss. The high rates of stover removal used in this study decreased SOC stocks and aggregation at all sites compared to residue retained treatments, suggesting that no-tillage alone was not sufficient to maintain erosion protection and soil function

Long-term no-till and stover retention each decrease the global warming potential of irrigated continuous corn

Over the last 50 years, the most increase in cultivated land area globally has been due to a doubling of irrigated land. Long-term agronomic management impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and global warming potential (GWP) in irrigated systems, however, remain relatively unknown. Here, residue and tillage management effects were quantified by measuring soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and SOC changes (ΔSOC) at a long-term, irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) system in eastern Nebraska, USA. Management treatments began in 2002, and measured treatments included no or high stover removal (0 or 6.8 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1, respectively) under no-till (NT) or conventional disk tillage (CT) with full irrigation (n = 4). Soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured for five crop-years (2011 to 2015), and ΔSOC was determined on an equivalent-mass basis to ~30 cm soil depth. Both area- and yield-scaled soil N2O emissions were greater with stover retention compared to removal and for CT compared to NT, with no interaction between stover and tillage practices. Methane comprise