The role of the background velocity model for the Marchenko focusing of reflected and refracted waves

Marchenko algorithms retrieve the wavefields excited by virtual sources in the subsurface, these are the Green's functions consisting of the primary and multiple reflected waves. The requirements for these algorithms are the same as for conventional imaging algorithms; they need an estimate of the velocity model and the recorded reflected waves. We investigate the dependence of the retrieved Green's functions using the Marchenko equation on the background velocity model and address the question: ``How well do we need to know the velocity model for accurate Marchenko focusing?". We present three different background velocity models and compare the Green's functions retrieved using these models. We show that these retrieved Green's functions using the Marchenko equation give correlation coefficients with the exact Green's function larger than 90% on average except near the edges of the receiver aperture. We also examine the presence of refracted waves in the retrieved Green's function. We show with a numerical example that the Marchenko focusing algorithm produces refracted waves only if the initial velocity model used for the iterative scheme is sufficiently detailed to model the refracted waves

Corticosteroid hypersensitivity in allergic rhinitis

Corticosteroid hypersensitivity in allergic rhinitis. Background: intranasal corticosteroid (IC) is the most effective treatment method in allergic rhinitis patients who are unresponsive to antihistamines. The literature reports an approximate 20% treatment failure for instances where IC is used for the treatment allergic rhinitis. Hypersensitivity reaction to corticosteroids may be one of the causes of this treatment failure. Objective: to discover the incidence and confounding factors of corticosteroid hypersensitivity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Methods: after 31 patients were excluded, 150 consecutive patients who were prospectively evaluated in our outpatient clinics with the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and 50 age- and sex- matched healthy volunteers were included in this study. To diagnose allergic rhinitis, the symptoms of patients and a skin prick test were used. A skin patch test was used to determine corticosteroid hypersensitivity. Total IgE values and total eosinophil count were obtained for all patients. Total symptom scores were calculated for the severity of symptoms and to determine the response to therapy using intranasal corticosteroids. Results: the incidence of corticosteroid hypersensitivity determined via the skin patch test was 14.0% (21 out of 150 patients). A difference was observed for patch test positivity results between the study and control groups (14% vs. 0%, respectively). Serum IgE levels and total eosinophil count were higher among patients who had corticosteroid hypersensitivity (p:0.005 and p:0.004, respectively). Patients unresponsive to intranasal corticosteroids had a higher incidence of corticosteroid hypersensitivity (71.4% vs. 4.4%, p<0.001). Conclusion: our study is the largest to date investigating CH in patients with allergic rhinitis and patients with allergic rhinitis have been found to have a high incidence (14%) of corticosteroid hypersensitivity, which may affect the response of patients to intranasal corticosteroid treatment

Differentially Private Accelerated Optimization Algorithms

We present two classes of differentially private optimization algorithms derived from the well-known accelerated first-order methods. The first algorithm is inspired by Polyak's heavy ball method and employs a smoothing approach to decrease the accumulated noise on the gradient steps required for differential privacy. The second class of algorithms are based on Nesterov's accelerated gradient method and its recent multi-stage variant. We propose a noise dividing mechanism for the iterations of Nesterov's method in order to improve the error behavior of the algorithm. The convergence rate analyses are provided for both the heavy ball and the Nesterov's accelerated gradient method with the help of the dynamical system analysis techniques. Finally, we conclude with our numerical experiments showing that the presented algorithms have advantages over the well-known differentially private algorithms.Comment: 28 pages, 4 figure

FPL_Gen : A Computational Tool for Generating Flexible Plan Layouts

In the field of housing construction the unique and tailor-made design and manufacturing has left its place to uniformity and repetition with mass housing. Mass manufacturing and individual design -the two positive aspects in design and productioncome together in mass customization. Mass customized housing projects have great potential and it is easier now to design computer tools with promising features. Different approaches can be implemented in these tools and defined relationships and design decisions can be computerized in order to obtain various solutions. In this paper, a design method and a computational tool for generating mass customized housing plan layouts with "Open Building" approach is detailed in which design flexibility and mass customization have been taken into consideration for basic design decisions

Dynamic Performance Comparison of R134a and R1234yf Refrigerants for a Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

M achines like air conditioners and refrigerators, which cause significant energy consumption in countries around the world, are widely used in industry and residences. Analyzing and studying the behavior of these machines with computer simulations can optimize performance of them. In this study, thermodynamic modelling and dynamic simulation of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle is handled. R134a and R1234yf are used as the primary fluid and water is used as the secondary fluid in the refrigeration cycle. R1234yf is a refrigerant, which has low Global Warming Potential GWP and Ozone Depletion Potential ODP and is recently has been begun to use as a substitute of R134a. In this study, dynamic behaviors of these two refrigerants are examined in a vapor compression refrigerant cycle with fixed operating conditions. Finite Difference Method is utilized for the modelling of the evaporator and condenser and Gungrr-Winterton and Travis et al. correlations are used for the modelling of the evaporation and condensation proccesses respectively. Orifice equation is utilized for the modelling of the expansion valve and modelling of the compressor is carried out by first dynamically simuating the heat transfer between the gas and surroundings until the gas reaches to compression chamber and after that the polytropic compression process in the chamber. For the realization of the dynamical simulation, refrigerant fluid mass flow rate is applied to the system as step input. Response of the system to the input is observed with transient p-h and coefficient of performance COP diagrams. The results showed that COP is started off with the values of 2.079 for R134a and 1.711 R1234yf, reached the maximum points of 2.577 for R134a and 2.02 for R1234yf, then slowly declined with fluctuations. In the p-h diagram, due to temperature rise of inner walls of the evaporator and condenser, condenser outlet and compressor inlet enthalpy values started off with 395,945 kJ/kg and 231,714 kJ/kg for R134a, 361,557 kJ/kg and 230,750 kJ/kg for R1234yf, then approached to the saturation curve with time and reached the values of 393,957 kJ/kg and 233,808 kJ/kg for R134a, 359,547 kJ/kg and 231,917 kJ/kg for R1234 y

ALET (Automated Labeling of Equipment and Tools): A Dataset, a Baseline and a Usecase for Tool Detection in the Wild

Robots collaborating with humans in realistic environments will need to be able to detect the tools that can be used and manipulated. However, there is no available dataset or study that addresses this challenge in real settings. In this paper, we fill this gap by providing an extensive dataset (METU-ALET) for detecting farming, gardening, office, stonemasonry, vehicle, woodworking and workshop tools. The scenes correspond to sophisticated environments with or without humans using the tools. The scenes we consider introduce several challenges for object detection, including the small scale of the tools, their articulated nature, occlusion, inter-class invariance, etc. Moreover, we train and compare several state of the art deep object detectors (including Faster R-CNN, Cascade R-CNN, RepPoint and RetinaNet) on our dataset. We observe that the detectors have difficulty in detecting especially small-scale tools or tools that are visually similar to parts of other tools. This in turn supports the importance of our dataset and paper. With the dataset, the code and the trained models, our work provides a basis for further research into tools and their use in robotics applications.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

True knot of the umbilical cord in advanced weeks of pregnancy: a case report

True knot of the umbilical cord is a very rare condition. Usually a true knot is noticed after delivery and does not lead to problems. It is relatively less common than the other umbilical cord anomalies. Most authors agree that there is little that can be done to prevent fetal death in undiagnosed true knot. In our case, the patient gave birth to a healthy male baby weighing 2700 grams by normal vaginal delivery after an ultrasound was suggestive of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The baby’s Apgar scores were 8 at one minute and 9 at five minutes. The umbilical cord measured 125 cm and contained two loose true knots. It was surprising that the baby could survive until term with these two knots and we hypothesize that this was the cause of the IUGR. Our case was interesting as neither neurologic sequela nor intrauterine death developed, despite two true umbilical cord knots

The relationship between the form and the synthesis of High-Tech buildings

This study aims to prove the existence of the High-Tech buildings' form-language by using the semiologic and linguistic approaches. The methods of semiology are used, such as grammar rules of form-syntagm; and syntactic & semantic evaluations are made, while generating the designer manual. Grammar rules of form-syntagm are characterized by analysing sample High-Tech buildings. Abstract design principles are exploited during the design process, and while arranging form-syntagms sample buildings' system installations are exploited. Form-syntagms are synthesised by induction to introduce the form-language. The form-language of High Tech approach bases on the design criteria, which are classified into four categories. These categories are: structural design, digital production technologies, advanced construction technologies, and energy-efficient intelligent building design. The form-syntagms in these categories are abstract syntagms: using geometrical auxiliary design tools; and concrete syntagms: using "hard (production) and soft (digital) technologies", vocabulary elements and systematic grammar rules. A designer manual is derived from syntactic and semantic evaluations of samples. The findings from four categories are tested on the manual. Depletion of resources indicates that High-Tech buildings should be energy-efficent intelligent. For authentic design of High-Tech buildings, function, structure, skin, form, material technologies, physical performance, sub-systems, and GIS should be integrated. Arranging form-syntagms leads to the presentation of new syntagms, therefore the possibility of being referable of this work to designers is aimed. The 19th century's industrial production with steel, glass and concrete; the 20th century's urban design according to transportation; end of the 20th century's Information Technology (IT), digital and satellite-imaging (GPS) technologies, wireless are integrated with design. Sustainable design consists of renewable energy, recycling etc. High Tech approach has been transformed by transferring the technologies from industries, such as electronics, mechanics, computers and industrial production. High Tech covers user responsive intelligence mechanisms and active technologies. The results of the study are stated as follows: Structural morphology depends on structural behavior, structural material, functional space configuration, and service & structural systems integration. Digital architecture has transferred technologies from ship building and aeronautics & aerospace industries. Performance based design principles determine the form-syntagm, which consist of FEM and CFD analyses. The projects which are modeled with CAD/CAM tools and being simulated as well are produced in CNC machines. Parametric design is a method in which digital prototyping of elements and buildings are generated, with changing parameters. Hybrid-space of digital architecture is presented as real & virtual. Advanced construction technologies consist of application of IT in building sector and use of BMS and BAS. Energy-efficient intelligent building is a system in which energy consumption is controlled automatically with building components in order to increase energy-efficiency by using active and passive systems. Passive systems reduce heat losses in houses, and supply ventilation in offices. Selective solar control glass is used on façade, which admits daylight. Robotics is a state of the art technology in High Tech. The findings, i.e. Grammar Rules of Form-Syntagm (GROFS) and the Categories (C.1,2,3,4) are as follows: The GROFS, C.1. Structural design and detail: In the form-syntagm: design of structural elements, such as tension chord etc., is arranged according to loads. Long spans are crossed by truss beams. Structure and service systems are integrated. The GROFS, C.2. Digital production technologies: In soft technologies in CAD the operations on geometrical 3-dimensional auxiliary design tools are applied to generic geometrical forms, such as transformations: stretching; combining: addition etc. There are certain examples, such as: monocoque shell and bubble form, wave effect on surfaces. The GROFS, C.3. Advanced construction technologies: At the building component scale the systematic form-syntagm is modeled as intelligent skin type 1 and type 2 by using CAD. Type 1 is the intelligent skin which is double layered, and type 2 is the intelligent skin which is an active façade. The GROFS, C.4. Energy-efficient intelligent building: Systematic form-syntagms according to energy efficiency are as follows: single skin or double skin glazed façades with sun control devices; naturally or mechanically ventilated double skin (multi-skin); double skin ventilated intelligent glazed façades which is one story height or building height. Other syntagms are Stadttor's double skin, the lighting and the HVAC. Keywords: Semiology, High Tech's form-language, energy-efficient intelligent building, digital production.    Bu &ccedil;alışmada, y&uuml;ksek teknoloji ile &uuml;retilen ve İngilizce kaynaklardan hareketle mimarlık ortamında &ldquo;High-Tech&rdquo; olarak isimlendirilen yapıların bi&ccedil;im dilinin varlığının, g&ouml;stergebilimsel (semiyolojik) ve dilbilimsel yaklaşımlarla kanıtlanması ama&ccedil;lanmıştır. G&ouml;stergebilimin kullandığı y&ouml;ntemlerden bi&ccedil;im dizgesi gramer kuralları y&ouml;ntemi; bir tasarımcı kılavuzu oluşturulurken ise sentaktik (s&ouml;zdizimsel) ve semantik (anlamsal) değerlendirme y&ouml;ntemleri kullanılmıştır. &Ouml;rnek yapıların analiz edilmesi ile bi&ccedil;im dizgesi gramer kuralları tanımlanmıştır. Bi&ccedil;im dizgelerinin t&uuml;mevarımla sentezi yapılarak &ldquo;High Tech&rdquo;in bi&ccedil;im dili ortaya konmuştur. Bu mimari yaklaşımın bi&ccedil;im dili d&ouml;rt kategoride sınıflandırılan tasarım kriterlerine dayanmaktadır. Bu kategoriler, str&uuml;kt&uuml;r tasarımı, dijital &uuml;retim teknolojileri, ileri inşaat teknolojileri ve enerji etkin akıllı bina tasarımıdır. Bu kategorilerdeki bi&ccedil;im dizgelerinden soyut nitelikliler, geometrik nitelikli tasarım yardımcı ara&ccedil;larını; somut nitelikliler, &uuml;retim ve malzeme teknolojileri ile dijital &uuml;retim teknolojilerini, s&ouml;zl&uuml;k elemanlarını ve sistemleri kullanmaktadırlar. D&ouml;rt kategorinin bulguları tasarımcı kılavuzundaki &ouml;rneklerde sınanmıştır. Enerji kaynaklarının t&uuml;kenmesi, High-Tech yapıların enerji etkin akıllı bina olmasını gerektirmektedir. High-Tech yapılarda &ouml;zg&uuml;n tasarımlar i&ccedil;in fonksiyon, str&uuml;kt&uuml;r, yapı kabuğu, bi&ccedil;im, malzeme teknolojileri, fiziksel performans, alt sistemler ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (Geographical Information Systems (GIS)) b&uuml;t&uuml;nsel d&uuml;ş&uuml;n&uuml;lmelidir. Oluşturulan bi&ccedil;im dizgelerinin, yenilerine olanak tanıması ile, bu &ccedil;alışmanın tasarımcılara referans olabilmesi ama&ccedil;lanmıştır. 19.yy&rsquo;ın end&uuml;striyel &uuml;retimi; 20.yy&rsquo;ın ulaşıma dayanan planlaması; 20.yy&rsquo;ın sonunun ise Bilgi Teknolojileri (Information Technologies (IT)) ve dijital teknolojileri b&uuml;t&uuml;nleştirilmektedir. S&uuml;rd&uuml;r&uuml;lebilir tasarım temelde, yenilenebilir enerji ve geri d&ouml;n&uuml;şt&uuml;r&uuml;lebilirliği i&ccedil;ermektedir. High Tech, elektronik, mekanik, bilgisayar vb. teknolojileri transfer edip, ekolojik tabanlı teknolojiler (Eco-Tech), aktif teknolojiler ve akıllılık mekanizmalarını kapsamaktadır.&nbsp;Anahtar Kelimeler: G&ouml;stergebilim, High Tech&rsquo;in bi&ccedil;im dili, enerji etkin akıllı bina, dijital &uuml;retim

True knot of the umbilical cord in advanced weeks of pregnancy: a case report

True knot of the umbilical cord is a very rare condition. Usually a true knot is noticed after delivery and does not lead to problems. It is relatively less common than the other umbilical cord anomalies. Most authors agree that there is little that can be done to prevent fetal death in undiagnosed true knot. In our case, the patient gave birth to a healthy male baby weighing 2700 grams by normal vaginal delivery after an ultrasound was suggestive of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The baby’s Apgar scores were 8 at one minute and 9 at five minutes. The umbilical cord measured 125 cm and contained two loose true knots. It was surprising that the baby could survive until term with these two knots and we hypothesize that this was the cause of the IUGR. Our case was interesting as neither neurologic sequela nor intrauterine death developed, despite two true umbilical cord knots

MYOMECTOMY DURING CESAREAN SECTION AND ADHESION FORMATION AS A LONG-TERM POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the incidence and features of postoperative adhesion related complications occurring following myolysis or myomectomy performed during cesarean section (C/S). Methods: This cross-sectional study consists of four groups of patients who underwent C/S: group I; myolysis is performed by electric cauterization for small superficial fibroids less than 2 cm. (n: 21), group II; myomectomy is performed for pedunculated fibroids (n: 18), group III; myomectomy is performed for intramural/subserous fibroids less than 5 cm. (n: 23), group IV; control group (n: 19) who did not go through myomectomy. Repeat C/S is performed to study subjects within 1-5 years. All cases are evaluated in terms of mild to moderate adhesions between omentum and uterus, mild to moderate adnexial area adhesions, mild to moderate incision area adhesions and surgical difficulty due to severe adhesions. Results: The incidence of adhesions of omentum and uterus (p= 0.278), mild to moderate adnexial area adhesions (p= 0.831), mild to moderate incision area adhesions (p= 0.804) were similar between the intervention groups (group I, II, and III) and the controls (group IV). Conclusion: Cesarean myomectomy is a safe procedure and can be performed without significant postoperative adhesion formation.Cel pracy: Celem naszego badania była ocena częstości występowania i charakter zrostów pooperacyjnych po zabiegu miolizy lub miomektomii w trakcie cięcia cesarskiego. Metoda: Do badania włączono cztery grupy pacjentek, które miały wykonane cięcie cesarskie (C/S) oraz miolizę powierzchniowego, mniejszego niż 2cm mięśniaka metodą elektrokauteryzacji – grupa I (n:21), usunięcie mięśniaka uszypułowanego – grupa II (n:18), miomektomię mięśniaka wewnątrzściennego/podsurowicówkowego, mniejszego niż 5 cm – grupa III (n:23), nie miały wykonanej miomektomii – grupa IV kontrolna (n:19). Ponowne cięcie cesarskie wykonano u badanych pacjentek w ciągu 1-5 lat. Wszystkie pacjentki oceniono pod kątem małych do średnich zrostów pomiędzy siecią większą i macicą, małych do średnich zrostów w okolicy przydatków, małych do średnich zrostów w okolicy nacięcia powłok i trudności operowania z powodu ciężkich zrostów. Wyniki: Częstość występowania zrostów pomiędzy otrzewną i macicą (p=0,278), małych do średnich zrostów w okolicy przydatków (p=0,831), małych do średnich zrostów w okolicy nacięcia powłok (p=0,804) była podobna pomiędzy badanymi grupami (I,II i III) a grupą kontrolną (IV). Wnioski: Miomektomia podczas cięcia cesarskiego jest bezpieczną procedurą i może być przeprowadzana bez istotnych, pooperacyjnych zrostów